MEDICAL BOTANY - A.G. Serbin - 2003

SECTION 3. SYSTEMATICS

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-ASSESSMENT

1. What does plant systematics study? What are its main tasks?

2. In which century did systematics take shape as a science?

3. What sections is botanical systematics divided into? What do they study?

4. How are the data of Taxonomy and phylogenetics applied in pharmacognosy and phytotherapy?

5. Name the taxonomic categories — from the highest rank to the lowest.

6. WHAT IS A taxon?

7. Who is the author of binary nomenclature? What is its essence?

8. Characterize the types of systems. Which scientists contributed to The Development of plant Classification systems?

9. What are the advantages of modern phylogenetic systems?

10. What does chemosystematics study and what is its significance for pharmacy?

11. Provide a comparative characterization of the superkingdoms Prokaryota and Eukaryota.

12. Indicate the Main Features of lower and higher plants.

13. What life forms are characteristic of cellular organisms?

14. What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Give Examples of corresponding organisms.

15. What kingdoms is the superkingdom Eukaryota subdivided into?

16. What plant groups does the plant kingdom include?

17. Indicate the progressive features common to higher embryophytes, or cormophytes.

Kingdom Plantae — Plantes.

Seed plants

1. What are the advantages of seed plants?

2. What are the principles of classification of seed plants?

3. Characterize the evolutionary relationships between the divisions of Gymnospermae and Angiospermae.

Division Angiosperms, or Flowering Plants — Angiospermae, or Magnoliophyta

1. What features distinguish flowering plants from other groups of higher plants?

2. What are the principles of angiosperm classification according to A.L. Takhtajan?

3. Provide a comparative characterization of the classes of flowering plants.

Class Dicotyledons, or Dicotyledoneae — Dicotyledones, or Magnoliopsida Subclass Magnoliidae

4. Which families are included in the subclass Magnoliidae?

5. Where does Schizandra chinensis grow? What is its life form? What kind of fruits does this plant bear, and how are they used in medicine?

6. Characterize Laurus nobilis and indicate its areas of application.

Subclass Ranunculidae

7. Which families are included in the subclass Ranunculidae?

8. Write the Latin names for the following taxa: family Ranunculaceae, genus Aconitum, genus Delphinium, species Adonis vernalis.

9. What morphological Features of the flower are common to all genera within the family Ranunculaceae?

10. Indicate the morphogenetic features of the fruits of medicinal plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae.

11. Name the BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES that determine the toxicity of most plants in the family Ranunculaceae.

12. Highlight the general morphological and chemosystematic features of Papaveraceae.

13. Which medicinal plants from the family Papaveraceae are cultivated, and for what purpose?

14. What secretory structures are present in the Organs of Papaver somniferum and Chelidonium majus? What secretion do they contain?

Subclass Hamamelididae

15. Which families belong to the subclass Hamamelididae?

16. What morphological and Anatomical Features are characteristic of Urtica dioica?

17. What causes the Skin-irritating effect of the stinging hairs of Urtica dioica?

18. Indicate the morphological diagnostic features of the fruits of Quercus robur. Which plant parts are used, and for what purpose?

19. Characterize the leaves, inflorescences, and fruits of Betula verrucosa. Which plant parts are used, and for what purpose?

Subclass Caryophyllidae

20. Which families belong to the subclass Caryophyllidae?

21. What diagnostic features are characteristic of the leaves of the Polygonaceae family?

22. What is the name of the fruit of the buckwheat family? How does it differ from fruits of a similar type?

23. List the Morphological Characteristics of the genus Polygonum. Indicate the medicinal species.

24. What morphological and anatomical features should be paid special attention to when distinguishing between similar species — Polygonum hydropiper and Polygonum persicaria?

25. What are the Structural Features of the underground organs of Polygonum bistorta? What therapeutic effects do they exhibit?

26. Where does Polygonum aviculare grow? What therapeutic effects does the herb possess?

27. Indicate the morphological features that distinguish Rumex confertus from Rumex acetosa.

28. What species represent the genus Rheum in Ukraine? Which rhubarb species are cultivated, and for what purpose?

29. Characterize Fagopyrum sagittatum and indicate its economic significance.

Subclass Dilleniidae

30. Which families are included in the subclass Dilleniidae?

31. To which family does Hypericum perforatum belong, and where does it grow?

32. Indicate the inflorescence type of Hypericum perforatum and note its specific features. Write down and comment on its floral formula.

33. What are the recommendations for The Use of Hypericum perforatum?

34. Describe the most General characteristics of the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae).

35. By what morphological features can black mustard be distinguished from white mustard and Sarepta mustard? What is the use of mustards?

36. Characterize Brassica oleracea var. capitata, its biology, as well as its medical and economic Applications.

37. Indicate the life form of Thea chinensis, its cultivation regions, leaf morphological features, and fields of application.

38. What life forms predominate in the Ericaceae family? What morphological features account for the distinctive "ericoid" appearance of its representatives?

39. Provide the Latin names and medical uses of Ericaceae representatives.

40. Characterize the inflorescences of Tilia cordata and indicate their application in medicine.

41. Name and characterize a plant of the Malvaceae family that contains starch and mucilage and is used as an expectorant.

42. Indicate the medicinal plants of the Sterculiaceae and Moraceae families, noting their ecology and practical significance.

43. What is the peculiarity of the reproductive organs of Ficus carica? What is the composition of biologically active substances in fig multiple fruits and leaves, and how are they used?

Subclass Rosidae

44. Which families are included in the subclass Rosidae?

45. Into what subfamilies is the family Rosaceae divided, and what characteristics serve as the basis for this classification?

46. Provide a comparative Description of the subfamilies Rosoideae, Maloideae, and Prunoideae.

47. Indicate the Latin names and note The Significance of Representatives of the Rosoideae.

48. Indicate the Latin names and note the significance of representatives of the Prunoideae.

49. Indicate the Latin names and note the applications of representatives of the Maloideae.

50. Name the species of rosaceous plants whose seeds are used to obtain stone fruit kernel oils.

51. Characterize the plant organs that serve as Medicinal plant raw Materials in representatives of the genus Crataegus.

52. What are the structural features, chemical composition, and medical applications of rose hips (cinarhodia)?

53. Identify a representative of the family Myrtaceae that grows in Northern Australia, lives for more than 200 years, and reaches heights exceeding 100 m.

54. What are the Characteristic Features of the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus? What is their application?

55. List THE ECOLOGICAL AND morphological characteristics of Punica granatum.

56. Characterize the leaves and fruits of the family Fabaceae.

57. Write out and comment on the generalized floral formula of legumes. Note possible types of androecium and provide plant examples.

58. Give examples of food, forage, oilseed, honey-producing, green manure, and ornamental legumes.

59. Indicate the Latin names and note the applications of medicinal plants belonging to the family Fabaceae.

60. What are the characteristic features of the flower and fruit of the peanut?

61. By what specific morphological traits can Thermopsis lanceolata be identified?

62. Which part of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra is used, and for what purposes?

63. List the species of the genus Citrus within the family Rutaceae. In which countries do they grow? What is their value?

64. Indicate the medicinal plants of the families Hippocastanaceae, Linaceae, and Elaeagnaceae. Specify which plant organs serve as medicinal raw materials and for what diseases they are used.

65. What are the life forms and underground Organs of the majority of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) representatives?

66. Describe the CHARACTERISTICS OF THE leaves and inflorescences of Apiaceae.

67. Characterize the Selection/11.html">General features of cremocarp fruits (dimericarpia), as well as the specific diagnostic features of the fruits.

68. Name the poisonous plants of the celery family (Apiaceae).

69. In which fields and for what purposes are aromatic and spice plants used?

70. By what morphological characteristics can representatives of the family Rhamnaceae—Rhamnus cathartica and Rhamnus frangula—be distinguished? Why is it necessary to be able to tell these medicinal species apart?

Subclass Lamiidae

71. Which families are included in the subclass Lamiidae?

72. Name the shrubs of the family Caprifoliaceae that are used in medicine.

73. Characterize the inflorescences and fruits of Viburnum opulus and Sambucus nigra. Note their nutritional and medicinal value.

74. Which species of the family Rubiaceae have medical applications? Which parts of these plants are used, and what are their anatomical and chemical characteristics?

75. What ecological and morphological features are typical of the cinchona tree?

76. In which countries is Coffea arabica cultivated?

77. Indicate the family to which Nerium oleander and Rauwolfia serpentina belong.

78. Which plant organs of Rauwolfia serpentina serve as a source of Alkaloids that lower Blood pressure, normalize Heart rate, and have a calming effect?

79. Write out and annotate the floral formula of Nerium oleander, and describe The Structure of its fruit and seeds. Specify the group of biologically active substances and their pharmacological action.

80. What morphological and anatomical features are characteristic of Olea europaea? Which plant parts are used and how?

81. What causes the polymorphism of the species Valeriana officinalis?

82. By what features can Valeriana officinalis be identified? Which PARTS OF THE plant are harvested and for what purposes are they used?

83. Characterize the family Lamiaceae (Labiatae).

84. Write out and annotate the floral formula of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Highlight the features that are important for taxonomy within the family.

85. What secretory structures are typical of Labiatae, and what secretion do they usually contain? What is its biological role and practical value?

86. List the medicinal species of this family in Russian and Latin.

87. Is Mentha piperita found in the wild? How does it propagate?

88. Compare the leaves of peppermint—Mentha piperita—and lemon balm—Melissa officinalis. What are their differences and similarities?

89. What diagnostic features characterize Leonurus cardiaca? How is it used in medicine?

90. Characterize the leaves of Salvia officinalis. Note their applications.

91. Indicate the Specific features of the inflorescences of Origanum vulgare and Lavandula spica.

92. Compare Thymus serpyllum and Thymus vulgaris. Highlight the distinctive features of these species. Note their applications.

93. What are the characteristic features of the inflorescence and flower structure in Rosmarinum officinalis? What are the pharmacological effects of rosemary essential oil?

94. What is the scientific basis for the use of Essential Oils in aromatherapy?

95. Characterize the family Solanaceae.

96. Classify the species of Water/241.html">The Nightshade family into medicinal and vegetable plants. Highlight the particularly poisonous species.

97. How are representatives of the genus Solanum used in medicine?

98. Indicate the native Origin of the potato, along with the names of its underground organ and fruit.

99. From which plant is "henbane oil" obtained?

100. Which species of the nightshade family contain atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine? How are they utilized?

101. What biologically active substances does Capsicum annuum contain?

102. Give the Latin name for common tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum).

103. Characterize the family Scrophulariaceae.

104. What are the ecological, morphological, and chemosystematic characteristics of the genus Digitalis? Explain the positive and negative aspects of cardiac glycoside accumulation in The Heart Muscle.

105. Compare Digitalis grandiflora and Digitalis purpurea. Highlight their distinctive species-specific features.

106. Describe the ecology and diagnostic species features of Digitalis lanata.

107. Characterize the genus Verbascum. Name its representative species and their medical applications.

108. What is the structural peculiarity of the flower in Linaria vulgaris?

109. Characterize Plantago major, noting its Chemical Composition and medical applications.

Subclass Asteridae

110. What should be noted regarding the distribution of Asteraceae species, as well as their biological and practical significance?

111. What morphological and anatomical diagnostic features are inherent to the family Asteraceae (Compositae)?

112. What reserve polysaccharide is stored by the Cells of asteraceans? How is it used by humans?

113. Describe the general features of the capitulum (HEAD) inflorescence. What are The Role and morphological features of the involucre and involucel?

114. Using a specific representative as an example, describe the diagnostic features of the capitulum: size, shape, solidity, pubescence of the common receptacle, Arrangement of flowers upon it, Nature of the involucre, and other characteristics.

115. What types of compound inflorescences can incorporate small capitula of asteraceans? Provide examples.

116. Into what types, depending on Symmetry, corolla shape, and sex, are the flowers of asteraceans comprising the capitulum divided?

117. What are the structural features of the calyx in Asteraceae flowers?

118. Which agents effect pollination in Asteraceae? Where are the nectaries located?

119. What is "apomixis" and "protandry"?

120. Which medicinal species of the Asteraceae family are characterized by having only bisexual ligulate flowers in the capitulum?

121. What is the floral composition in the capitula of the genera Tanacetum, Helichrysum, Artemisia, and Bidens?

122. Which medicinal species are characterized by the presence of ray (pseudo-ligulate) flowers along the periphery of the capitulum?

123. What are the structural features of the cypselae in Asteraceae?

124. Give examples of medicinal plants of the Asteraceae family that grow in meadows.

125. Which part of Helichrysum arenarium is used and for what diseases? What are the morphological diagnostic features of this crude drug?

126. Characterize the marginal flowers of the Centaurea cyanus capitulum and note their therapeutic effects.

127. What is the life form of Inula helenium? What serves as the medicinal raw material? How do preparations derived from it act?

128. Provide a morphological description of the leaves and inflorescence of Arctium lappa.

129. What therapeutic effects are exhibited by "Burdock oil" obtained from the roots of Arctium?

130. What is the rationale behind the botanical name of coltsfoot — Tussilago farfara? Where does this plant grow, and what are the features of its development?

131. Which countries are the native region of Calendula officinalis? Characterize the flowers, capitulum, and fruits of this species. Note its applications.

132. What enables Taraxacum officinale to be classified as a cosmopolitan species?

133. What internal laticiferous secretory structures are typical of Taraxacum officinale, Cichorium intybus, and other members of the Asteraceae family?

134. What type of inflorescence does Tanacetum vulgare have?

135. Give examples of species of the genus Artemisia, characterize their individual morphological features, and indicate their uses.

136. Which species of the genus Chamomilla are used in official medicine? What are the indications for their use?

137. Indicate the set of diagnostic features for the capitula of Chamomilla recutita and Chamomilla suaveolens.

138. What is the rationale behind the botanical names Bidens tripartita (three-lobe beggarticks) and Achillea millefolium (common yarrow)?

139. From the seeds of which Asteraceae plant is edible fatty oil obtained?

140. How is Echinacea purpurea used in medicine?

Class Monocotyledons, or Liliopsida — Monocotyledones or Liliopsida

141. What evidences indicate the common origin of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants?

142. List the morphological and anatomical distinguishing features of monocots.

143. Into which subclasses is the class Liliopsida divided?

Subclass Liliidae

144. Which families belong to the subclass Liliidae?

145. To which family does Aloe arborescens belong? Where does it grow, and what is the life form of this leaf succulent?

146. Describe the leaves of the candelabra aloe.

147. What medicinal products are obtained from Aloe arborescens, and what is their therapeutic effect?

148. Which medicinal plants belong to the family Convallariaceae?

149. Compare Polygonatum officinale and Convallaria majalis, highlighting their common and distinguishing features.

150. Which parts of the lily of the valley are harvested as medicinal raw materials? How do cardiac Glycosides and other biologically active substances of the lily of the valley affect the body? What conditions must be met to ensure the sustainable management of populations of this early-blooming, beautiful, and fragrant plant?

151. How are the rhizomes of Polygonatum officinale used in folk medicine? What effects are produced by consuming its fruits?

152. Name representatives of the family Alliaceae.

153. Characterize the type of inflorescence typical of Alliaceae.

154. Provide a comparative description of the underground organs and leaves of Allium cepa and Allium sativum.

155. How do members of the family Alliaceae propagate?

156. Describe the Practical significance of onions and garlic.

157. To which family does Ananas comosus belong? Where is this plant native to? What is its life form?

158. Describe the multiple fruits (infructescences) of the cultivated pineapple. How is this plant propagated?

159. State the Latin name of a representative of the family Musaceae that has great economic importance. Name the fields of practical use for this plant.

160. What life form is represented by Musa acuminata?

161. Characterize the Morphology and Chemical composition of the fruits of cultivated varieties of Musa acuminata.

162. What morphological and anatomical features are specific to Poaceae (Gramineae)?

163. Describe the parts of a Poaceae leaf.

164. What types of inflorescences are characteristic of grasses? What is the structure of a spikelet?

165. What are the characteristic features of the pseudomonocarpic fruit in grasses—the caryopsis?

166. Which grasses are referred to as "cereal" crops?

167. Describe the inflorescence and caryopsis of Avena sativa. Note the significance of this cereal and forage crop.

168. Where and under what conditions does Oryza sativa grow? How are its seeds utilized?

169. Which grass species serves simultaneously as a cereal, forage, oilseed, industrial, and medicinal crop?

170. Characterize the inflorescences, flowers, and fruit of Zea mays.

171. What constitutes the medicinal plant material known as "corn silk" (Stigmata Maydis)? What is the pharmacological effect of its preparations?

172. Indicate the Latin name of a Poaceae family representative that is both a noxious weed and a medicinal plant. Describe its underground organ.

Subclass Arecidae

173. Provide the Latin names of representatives of the family Palmaceae, along with their ecology, morphological features, significance, and applications.

174. Describe the structure, chemical composition, and uses of the coconut.

175. Name a medicinal species of the family Araceae, and note its origin and habitat.

176. Characterize the inflorescence and flowers of Acorus calamus.

177. Which part of Acorus calamus serves as medicinal raw material? What morphological and anatomical features are characteristic of it, and how is it used in medicine, cosmetology, the food industry, and other fields?

Division Gymnospermae

1. What are the Similarities and differences between gymnosperms and other archegoniate plants (mosses, horsetails, clubmosses, ferns)? Why is this division named as such?

2. Characterize The life cycle of gymnosperms using Pinus sylvestris as an example. Name the scientist who first described the Fertilization process in gymnosperms.

3. Characterize the ecological and economic significance of gymnosperms.

4. How are gymnosperms classified?

Class Pinopsida — Conifers

5. List the morphological and anatomical features of the class Pinopsida.

6. What diagnostic features form the basis for dividing the family Pinaceae into genera?

7. What morphological features are used as diagnostic traits for Pinaceae species?

8. Compare the structure of mature cones of representatives of Pinaceae—Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Abies sibirica, and Larix decidua. Identify and memorize their distinctive species-specific features.

9. Provide a species-level characterization of representatives of the genus Pinus. How are they used in medical practice?

10. What morphological features are characteristic of the family Cupressaceae? Name the representatives of this family used in medicine.

11. Characterize the needles and cones of Juniperus communis. Note its applications.

12. Which species of the genus Thuja is cultivated worldwide? What are the specific features of its shoots and leaves?

Class Gnetopsida — Gnetopsida

1. What constitutes The evolutionary advancement of the class Gnetopsida?

2. How is Gnetopsida classified?

3. Characterize the genus Ephedra of the Ephedraceae family, and note its chemosystematic feature.

4. Highlight the general taxonomic features of the cones of the genus Ephedra.

5. Which species of the family Ephedraceae are used in pharmacy, and where do they grow?

6. Describe the shoots of Ephedra distachya and Ephedra equisetina. How are they used in pharmacy?

Spore-bearing Plants

1. List the main Characteristics of spore-bearing plants that distinguish them from seed plants.

2. What are the reproductive organs in higher spore-bearing plants called?

3. Explain METABOLISM/2.html">THE CONCEPT OF "ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS in the developmental cycle".

4. Into what systematic groups are spore-bearing plants divided? Name the divisions.

5. What features characterize the Division Bryophyta? What is the distribution and habitat of mosses?

6. How is Bryophyta classified?

7. What represents the gametophyte in true, leafy mosses — Bryopsidae?

8. Characterize the family Polytrichaceae using Polytrichum commune as an example.

9. What morphological, anatomical, ecological, and physiological features are characteristic of the genus Sphagnum? What accounts for the use of its representatives in medicine?

10. What is sapropel?

11. Characterize the Division Lycopodiophyta.

12. What pharmacological action do the toxic substances of certain clubmoss species exhibit?

13. What are the differences between clubmosses belonging to the class Lycopodiopsida and the class Isoetopsida?

14. Describe the Life Cycle of homosporous clubmosses, as well as the STRUCTURE OF THE sporophyte and gametophyte using Lycopodium clavatum as an example.

15. What is "lycopodium" and how is it used?

16. Which plant of the Huperziaceae family is used in phytotherapy, and for what conditions?

17. To which class and family does the heterosporous clubmoss Selaginella selaginelloides belong? What are the distinctive features of its development?

18. Which family represents the class Equisetopsida?

19. Where are horsetails distributed, and what is the life form of the dominant generation?

20. What specific morphological features are characteristic of horsetail sporophytes?

21. How should the phenomena of homospory and heterospory be understood?

22. Describe the life cycle of horsetails using Equisetum arvense as an example.

23. What are elaters, and what is their function?

24. Name a representative of the Division Equisetophyta that is used in medicine, cosmetology, and everyday life. Which part of the plant serves as the medicinal raw material, and how is it utilized?

25. Where do ferns grow?

26. How is the Division Polypodiophyta classified?

27. Which generation is dominant in ferns?

28. Name a representative of the family Aspidiaceae, and use it to describe the structure of the sporophyte and gametophyte.

29. What is the distinguishing feature of a fern frond?

30. What are the applications of Dryopteris filix-mas? What precautions should be kept in mind when using it?

KINGDOM CHROMISTA — Chromista

True Algae, or Photosynthetic Protists

1. What is the body of true algae called? What are their life forms?

2. Into what groups are true, or thalloid, algae divided?

3. What are the similarities and differences between algal cells and those of higher plants?

4. Describe the Structure and Life cycle of unicellular algae using Chlamydomonas as an example.

5. What are the forms of Sexual reproduction in algae?

6. Into which divisions are chromists subdivided?

7. Characterize the division Chlorophyta based on its main features.

8. Give examples of green algae and describe their ecology and applications.

9. Outline the Main characteristics of the division Phaeophyta and highlight how they differ from Chlorophyta.

10. Provide examples of brown algae, noting their ecology and practical uses.

11. Describe the life cycle of brown algae using kelp (Laminaria) as an example.

12. Discuss the Biological Role of algae and their Practical Applications. Identify the species that serve as sources for Agar and agaroid.

Kingdom Fungi

1. What are fungi? What features do they share with plants and animals?

2. Name the Components of the protoplast and the reserve products found in a fungal Cell.

3. What is the vegetative body of fungi called?

4. What is the difference between septate and non-septate mycelium?

5. Define the term plectenchyma.

6. How do fungi obtain their nutrients?

7. How do fungi reproduce?

8. What is the ecological significance of fungi? Give examples of their practical use.

9. Into which phyla/divisions are fungi classified?

10. Describe the structure and life cycle of Zygomycetes using the genus Mucor as an example.

11. Describe the structure and life cycle of the class Ascomycetes.

12. What are the key characteristics of the family Saccharomycetaceae?

13. Provide examples of representatives of Yeasts. What is their medical and economic importance?

14. Name a representative of the family Clavicipitaceae and describe its structure and developmental cycle.

15. What biologically active substances are found in the sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea? What are their effects?

16. Which fungi belong to the class Deuteromycetes? State their significance and practical applications.

17. What are the general characteristics of members of the class Basidiomycetes? How do they reproduce?

18. What are basidia? What types of hymenophores exist?

19. Describe the life cycle of an agaric (cap-and-stem) fungus.

20. List the edible mushrooms belonging to the class Basidiomycetes.

21. Why is the Japanese black mushroom of particular interest to biotechnology?

22. What is the ecological and economic significance of fungi?

23. What organisms form the symbiotic association that gave rise to Lichens?

24. Where are members of the division Lichenophyta distributed, and what is their ecological role?

25. List and characterize the types of lichens. What is their internal and external structure?

26. What specific secondary metabolites are characteristic of lichens, and how are they utilized?

27. How do lichens reproduce?

28. Provide examples of lichens exhibiting various thallus types.

29. What are the applications of lichens in pharmacy, cosmetology, aromatherapy, and other fields?

Kingdom Bacteria — Monera

Division Cyanobacteria — Cyanobacteria

1. How do prokaryotic organisms differ from eukaryotic ones?

2. Describe the structural features of the cyanobacterial cell and list the pigments found in these organisms.

3. How do cyanoprokaryotes reproduce?

4. Name representative species of cyanobacteria, and specify their role in nature as well as their applications in various economic sectors.