BIOCHEMISTRY - L. Stryer - 1984
VOLUME 3
Part IV INFORMATION
CHAPTER 24 DNA: THE GENETIC ROLE, STRUCTURE, AND REPLICATION
24.1. Covalent Structure and Nomenclature of DNA
24.2. Pneumococcal Transformation by DNA Demonstrated That Genes Consist of DNA
24.3. The Genes of Some Viruses Consist of RNA
24.5. Complementary Strands Serve as Templates for Each Other in DNA Replication
24.7. Some Viruses Contain Single-Stranded DNA at Certain Stages of Their Life Cycle
24.10. Some DNA Molecules Are Circular
24.13. DNA Polymerase Receives Instructions from the Template
24.16. Discovery of DNA Polymerases II and III
24.19. One DNA Strand Is Synthesized Discontinuously
24.26. DNA Contains Thymine Instead of Uracil, Which Enables the Repair of Deaminated Cytosine
24.28. The Nucleotide Sequence of DNA Can Be Rapidly Determined by Specific Chemical Cleavage
CHAPTER 25. RNA INFORMATION AND TRANSCRIPTION
25.8. RNA Polymerase Receives Instructions from the DNA Template
25.11. Transcription Is Initiated at Promoter Sites on the Template DNA
25.15. Template DNA Contains Stop Signals for Transcription
25.18. Antibiotics as transcription inhibitors: rifampicin and actinomycin
CHAPTER 26. THE GENETIC CODE AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENES AND PROTEINS
26.1. Transfer RNA is the adaptor molecule in protein synthesis
26.2. Amino acids are encoded by triplets of bases, starting from a fixed reference point
26.4. The codon composition of many amino acids was determined using copolymers as templates
26.7. Main properties of the genetic code
26.13. Mutations arise from alterations in the DNA base sequence
CHAPTER 27. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
27.1. Amino acids are activated and attached to transfer RNAs by specific synthetases
27.5. Codon recognition involves the anticodon rather than the activated amino acid
27.8. Ribosomes, the organelles of protein synthesis, consist of large and small subunits
27.11. Messenger RNA is translated in the 5' → 3' direction
27.15. Formation of the initiating 70S complex places formylmethionyl-tRNA in the P site
27.18. Protein synthesis is terminated by release factors
27.22. Certain short peptides are synthesized independently of ribosomes
CHAPTER 28. REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE PHENOTYPE
28.1. β-Galactosidase is an inducible enzyme
28.2. Discovery of the regulatory gene
28.5. The base sequence in the lac operator is symmetrical
28.8. Transcription of the tryptophan operon is regulated by both an attenuator and an operator
28.11. Repressors and activators determine the development of temperate phages
CHAPTER 29. EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES AND GENE EXPRESSION IN EUKARYOTES
29.1. A eukaryotic chromosome contains a single double-stranded DNA molecule
29.3. The amino acid sequences of histones H3 and H4 are nearly identical in all animals and plants
29.6. The nucleosome is the first level of DNA condensation
29.9. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA
29.12. Genes encoding ribosomal RNAs are arranged in tandem and repeated several hundred times
29.15. Most unique genes are interspersed with repetitive sequences
29.20. Three types of ribosomal RNA are generated by processing a single primary transcript
29.23. Splicing enzymes remove introns from primary transcripts of split genes with high precision
29.26. Thalassemia is a genetically inherited disorder of hemoglobin synthesis
29.30. Signal sequences allow secretory proteins to cross the endoplasmic reticulum membrane
CHAPTER 30. VIRUSES
30.1. The coat of small viruses is composed of many identical protein subunits
30.3. During TMV particle assembly, protein disks attach to the RNA loop
30.5. Accessory proteins and proteases participate in the ordered assembly of phage T4
30.8. The flexibility of the CCV coat protein enables it to form an icosahedral capsid
30.11. Poliovirus proteins are produced by multiple cleavage of a giant precursor
30.15. Darwinian evolution of phage RNA outside the cell
30.18. SV40 and polyoma viruses can cause a productive infection or transform host cells
30.21. The kinase encoded by the src gene of avian sarcoma virus is involved in transformation
CHAPTER 31. GENE REARRANGEMENTS: RECOMBINATION, TRANSPOSITION, AND CLONING
31.1 Genetic recombination is based on the breakage and reunion of DNA strands
31.5. The F factor enables bacteria to transfer genes to recipients via conjugation
31.8. New genomes can be constructed in the laboratory and cloned in host cells
PART V. MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 32. BACTERIAL CELL ENVELOPES
32.1. The cell wall is a giant sacculus-like macromolecule
32.2. Stages of peptidoglycan synthesis
32.5. Synthesis of the disaccharide-peptide subunit attached to a lipid carrier
32.9. Penicillin causes the death of growing bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis
32.12. Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by an outer membrane rich in lipopolysaccharides
CHAPTER 33. IMMUNOGLOBULINS
33.2. Synthesis of specific antibodies in response to an antigen
33.5. Enzymatic cleavage of immunoglobulin G yields active fragments
33.8. Are antibodies formed by selection or instruction?
33.11. Each light and heavy chain consists of variable and constant regions
33.18. Variable and constant regions are encoded by separate genes that have joined together
33.22. Joining V and J genes in various reading frames also contributes to antibody diversity
CHAPTER 34. MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND CELL MOTILITY
34.1. Muscle consists of interacting thick and thin protein filaments
34.2. Muscle contraction involves the sliding of thick and thin filaments past one another
34.5. Actin forms filaments that interact with myosin
34.9. The "power stroke" involves the rotation of the actin-bound myosin S1 head
34.13. Actin and myosin serve as contractile elements in nearly all eukaryotic cells
CHAPTER 35. HORMONE ACTION
35.1. Discovery of cyclic AMP as a mediator of hormone action
35.2. Cyclic AMP is synthesized by adenylate cyclase and degraded by phosphodiesterase
35.5. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases
35.8. Insulin stimulates anabolic processes and inhibits catabolic processes
35.11. Insulin receptors are localized in the plasma membrane of target cells
35.14. Cleavage of proopiomelanocortin yields multiple peptide hormones
35.17. Steroid hormones activate specific genes
CHAPTER 36. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
36.1. Distinction between passive and active transport
36.2. Discovery of the active sodium-potassium ion transport system
36.6. The sodium-potassium pump is an oligomeric transmembrane protein
36.9. Calcium transport is mediated by a different ATPase
36.12. Active transport of certain sugars is coupled with their phosphorylation
36.18. Ions and small molecules flow from cell to cell through gap junctions
CHAPTER 37. EXCITABLE MEMBRANES AND SENSORY SYSTEMS
37.1. Action potentials are mediated by transient changes in Na+ and K+ permeability
37.2. Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin block sodium channels in nerve cell axon membranes
37.5. Acetylcholine is released in quanta
37.8. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used as drugs and poisons
37.11. Neurotransmitters also include catecholamines and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
37.14. Light induces the isomerization of 11-cis-retinal
37.17. Light decreases cyclic GMP levels via phosphodiesterase activation
37.20. Bacterial chemoreceptors sense specific molecules and transmit signals to flagella