Protein Chemistry. Structure, Properties, Research Methods - Shendryk A.N. 2022



Preface

Introduction

Amino Acids

Amino Acids

Distribution, Structure, and Properties of Amino Acids

Nomenclature of Amino Acids

Classification of Amino Acids

Stereoisomerism of Amino Acids

Electronic Absorption Spectra and Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids in Solutions

Electronic Absorption Spectra and Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids in Solutions — Buffer Systems. Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

Electronic Absorption Spectra and Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids in Solutions - Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids

Electronic Absorption Spectra and Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids in Solutions - Blood Buffer Systems

Physical and Chemical Properties of Amino Acids

Physical and Chemical Properties of Amino Acids — Reactions Involving the α-Carboxyl Group

Physical and Chemical Properties of Amino Acids — Reactions at the α-Amino Group

Group Reagents for Amino Acids

Specific Reagents for Amino Acids

Protein Structure

Protein Structure

Determination of the Amino Acid Composition of Proteins

Determination of the Structure of C-Terminal Residues in Peptide Chains

Determination of the Structure of N-Terminal Residues in Peptide Chains

Fragmentation of Protein Chains

Fragmentation of Protein Chains - Enzymatic Fragmentation

Fragmentation of Protein Chains - Characteristics of High-Specificity Proteases

Protein Chain Fragmentation - Characteristics of Proteases with Broad Specificity

Chemical Fragmentation

Chemical Fragmentation - Mechanisms of Chemical Fragmentation Reactions

Chemical Fragmentation - Determination of the Amino Acid Sequence of Protein Molecule Fragments

Chemical Fragmentation - Sequencing of Peptide Chains on Solid-Phase Supports

Chemical Fragmentation: Preliminary Protein Studies Prior to Sequencing

Spatial Structure of Proteins

Structural Role of the Peptide Bond - Geometric Parameters of the Peptide Bond

Secondary Protein Structure - Helical Structures

Secondary Protein Structure - Beta-Sheet Structure

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

Three-Dimensional Protein Structure

Quaternary Protein Structure

Spatial Structure of Proteins

Quaternary Structure of Proteins - Functional Significance of the Protein Quaternary Structure

Quaternary Protein Structure - Hybrid Oligomeric Proteins

Protein Domains

Behavior of Proteins in Solutions

Acid-Base Properties of Proteins

Salting-out of Proteins from Solutions

Protein solubility and its determining factors - Dependence of protein solubility on medium pH

Protein solubility and factors determining it - Dependence of protein solubility on the ionic strength of the solution

Protein Solubility and Factors Determining It - Dependence of Protein Solubility on Solvent Polarity

Protein Solubility and Factors Determining It - Temperature Dependence of Protein Solubility

Osmosis and Membrane Equilibrium

Proteins of blood and muscle tissues

Circulatory system

Proteins of Blood and Muscle Tissues

Circulatory System

Chemical Composition of Blood

Characteristics of the Main Plasma Protein Fractions

Proteins of the Circulatory and Muscular Tissues

Characteristics of the Main Plasma Protein Fractions - Individual Plasma Proteins

Proteins of blood and muscle tissues

Circulatory system

Blood oxygen transport

Proteins of Blood and Muscle Tissues

Circulatory System

Synthesis of Plasma Proteins

Blood Coagulation System

Blood Coagulation System - Plasma Factors

Blood Coagulation System - Platelet Factors

Blood Coagulation System - Diagram of the Blood Clotting Process

Blood Coagulation System - Anticoagulant System of Blood

Blood Coagulation System - Fibrinolysis

Proteins of blood and muscle tissues

Proteins of the contractile system

Organization of skeletal muscles

Proteins of Blood and Muscle Tissues

Proteins of the Contractile System

Functions of Muscle Tissue Proteins

Proteins of blood and muscle tissues

Proteins of the contractile system

Functions of muscle tissue proteins - Myosin

Proteins of the circulatory and muscular tissues

Functions of muscle tissue proteins - Actin

Proteins of blood and muscle tissues

Functions of muscle tissue proteins - Actomyosin

Proteins of the Blood and Muscle Tissues

Proteins of the Contractile System

Functions of Muscle Tissue Proteins: Tropomyosin A, B

Proteins of Blood and Muscle Tissue

Functions of Muscle Tissue Proteins — Minor Muscle Proteins

Proteins of blood and muscle tissue

Proteins of the contractile system

Mechanism of muscle contraction

Proteins of blood and muscle tissues

Mechanism of muscle contraction - Energy sources for muscle contraction

Mechanism of muscle contraction - Features of the chemical composition of the myocardium

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

Size and Shape of Protein Molecules

Optical Properties of Proteins

Methods for Experimental Study of Protein Structure

Optical Activity Dispersion

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

Protein Light Absorption in the UV, Visible, and IR Spectral Regions

Methods for Experimental Study of Protein Structure

Protein Purification Methods

Methods for Experimental Research of Protein Structure

Specific Protein Separation Methods

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

Purity Control of the Isolated Protein

Methods for Experimental Study of Protein Structure

Assessment of Purification Completeness and Protein Homogeneity

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

Methods for Determining the Molecular Weight of Proteins

Methods for Determining Protein Molecular Weight

Determination of Molecular Weight by Osmotic Pressure

Methods for Determining the Molecular Weight of Proteins

Determination of Molecular Weight by Saturated Vapor Pressure

Methods for Determining Protein Molecular Weight

Determination of Molecular Weight by Ebullioscopy and Cryoscopy

Methods for experimental study of protein structure

Methods for determining the molecular weight of proteins

Determination of molecular weight by light scattering

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

Methods for Determining Protein Molecular Weight

Determination of Molecular Weight by Gel Filtration

Methods for Experimental Study of Protein Structure

Determination of Protein Molecular Weight by SDS-PAGE

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

Determination of Molecular Weight by Sedimentation

Methods for Experimental Study of Protein Structure

Determination of Molecular Weight by Sedimentation - Ultracentrifuge Design

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

Determination of Molecular Weight by Sedimentation - Determination of Molecular Weight by Sedimentation Velocity

Methods for Experimental Study of Protein Structure

Determination of Molecular Weight by Sedimentation - Sedimentation Equilibrium Method

Determination of Molecular Weight by Sedimentation - Approach to Sedimentation Equilibrium Method

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

Determination of Molecular Weight by Sedimentation - Diffusion and Diffusion Coefficient

Methods for Experimental Study of Protein Structure

Protein Separation Methods

Electrophoresis

Methods for experimental study of protein structure

Protein separation methods

Physical principles of protein electrophoresis

Methods for Experimental Study of Protein Structure

Protein Separation Methods

Experimental Methods of Electrophoresis

Experimental Methods of Electrophoresis - Frontal Electrophoresis

Experimental Methods of Electrophoresis - Paper Electrophoresis

Experimental Electrophoresis Methods - Cellulose Acetate Strip Electrophoresis

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

Experimental Methods of Electrophoresis - Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Methods for Experimental Study of Protein Structure

Experimental Electrophoresis Methods - Disc Electrophoresis

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

Experimental Methods of Electrophoresis - SDS-PAGE

Methods for Experimental Study of Protein Structure

Experimental Electrophoresis Methods - Isoelectric Focusing

Experimental Methods of Electrophoresis - Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

Experimental Methods of Electrophoresis - Isotachophoresis

Experimental Methods of Electrophoresis - Immunoelectrophoresis

Chromatography

Methods for Experimental Research of Protein Structure

Paper Chromatography Method

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

Thin-Layer Chromatography Method

Gas-liquid chromatography method

Ion-exchange chromatography

Ion-Exchange Chromatography - Procedure for Protein Chromatography by Ion-Exchange

Affinity Chromatography

Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry

Requirements for Peptides Analyzed by Mass Spectrometry

Sample Preparation Methods for Mass Spectrometry

General Principles of Mass Spectrometric Amino Acid Sequence Determination

Fragmentation of Primary Peptide Molecular Ions

Introduction to Deuterium-Labeled Peptides

Methods for experimental study of protein structure

Electron microscopy

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

Electron Microscopy

Preparation and "Staining" of Samples

Preparation and "Staining" of Samples — Shadowing

Methods for Experimental Study of Protein Structure

Sample Preparation and “Staining” — Three-Dimensional Electron Microscopy

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

Sample Preparation and Staining – Molecular Electron Microscopy

Methods for Experimental Study of Protein Structure

X-ray Structural Analysis

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

X-ray Diffraction Analysis

Electromagnetic Waves and Their Properties

Physical Principles of XRD

Methods for Experimental Study of Protein Structure

X-Ray Structural Analysis

Characteristic X-Ray Radiation

Methods for Experimental Investigation of Protein Structure

X-ray Diffraction Analysis

X-ray Diffraction by Crystals

X-ray Structural Analysis

The Phase Problem in X-ray Analysis

X-ray Diffraction Analysis

Specific Features of Protein XRD

Peptide Synthesis

Methods of Amino Group Protection

Methods for Amino Group Protection

Urethane-Type Protecting Groups

Peptide synthesis

Amino group protection methods

Aliphatic urethane-type protecting groups

Peptide Synthesis

Methods for Amino Group Protection

Alkyl-Type Protecting Groups

Carboxyl Group Protection

Esterification

Peptide synthesis

Protection of the carboxyl group

Hydrazide group

Peptide Synthesis

Protection of the Carboxyl Group

Protection of the Carboxyl Group via Salt Formation

Methods of Peptide Synthesis

Mixed Anhydride Method

Mixed Anhydride Method - Acid Chloride Method

Mixed Anhydride Method - Mixed Anhydrides with Carbonic Acid Monoesters

Mixed Anhydride Method - Azide Method

Mixed Anhydride Method - Peptide Synthesis Using Activated Esters

Peptide Synthesis Using Compounds with Multiple C-N and C-C Bonds — Carbodiimides

Peptide Synthesis Using Compounds with Multiple C-N and C-C Bonds — Cyanamides

Peptide Synthesis Using Compounds with Multiple C-N and C-C Bonds - Ethoxyacetylene

Activated Compounds of Heterocyclic Amide Series: The Imidazolide Method

Activation via Oxazolone Derivatives

Peptide Synthesis via Amino Group Activation

Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis

Amino acid racemization in peptide synthesis

References