LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY - VOLUME 3. INFORMATION PATHWAYS - 2017

PART III. INFORMATION PATHWAYS

APPENDIX A.

Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in Biochemistry

 — angstrom

A — adenine, adenosine, or adenylate

A — absorbance

Ab — antibody

ABC — ATP-binding cassette

ACAT — acyl-CoA-Cholesterol acyltransferase

ACC — acetyl-CoA carboxylase

ACh — acetylcholine

ACP — acyl carrier protein

ACTH — adrenocorticotropic hormone

acyl-CoA — acyl derivatives of coenzyme A (or acyl-S-CoA)

ADH — Alcohol dehydrogenase

adoHcy — S-adenosylhomocysteine

adoMet — S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)

AFM — atomic force Cell/15.html">Microscopy

Ag — antigen

AGE — advanced glycation end product

AIDS — Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

AKAP — A-kinase anchor protein

Ala — Alanine

[a]D²⁵°C — specific (optical) rotation

AMP, ADP, ATP — adenosine 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphate

AMPK — AMP-activated protein kinase

ANF — atrial natriuretic factor

AQP — aquaporin

Arg — Arginine

ARS — autonomously replicating sequence

Asn — asparagine

Asp — aspartic acid (aspartate)

ATCase — aspartate transcarbamylase

atm — atmosphere

ATPase — adenosine triphosphatase

B₁₂ — coenzyme B₁₂, cobalamin

BAC — bacterial artificial chromosome

BAT — brown adipose tissue

BMR — basal metabolic rate

bp — Base Pairs

1,3-BPG — 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

C — cytosine, cytidine, or cytidylate

CAM — Crassulacean Acid METABOLISM

CaM — calmodulin

cAMP — cyclic 3',5'-AMP

CD — circular dichroism

CDK — cyclin-dependent protein kinase

cDNA — complementary DNA

CFTR — cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

cGMP — cyclic 3',5'-GMP

Chl — chlorophyll

ChREBP — carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (Transcription factor)

CKII — casein kinase II

CL — cardiolipin

CMP, CDP, CTP — cytidine 5'-mono-, -di-, -triphosphate

CoA — coenzyme A (CoASH)

COHb — carboxyhemoglobin

CoQ — coenzyme Q (ubiquinone, UQ)

COX — cyclooxygenase; cytochrome c oxidase

CREB — cAMP-response element-binding protein (transcription factor)

CRP — cAMP receptor protein

Cys — Cysteine

Cyt — cytochrome

D — dihydrouridine

D — diffusion coefficient

d(р) — density

dADP, dGDP, etc. — deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate, deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate, etc.

dAMP, dGMP, etc. — deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate, deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate, etc.

dATP, dGTP, etc. — deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate, deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate, etc.

DEAE — diethylaminoethyl

DFP — diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DIFP)

DHAP — dihydroxyacetone phosphate

DHF — dihydrofolate (H₂-folate)

DMS — dimethyl sulfate

DNA — deoxyribonucleic acid

Dnase — deoxyribonuclease

DNP — 2,4-dinitrophenol

Dol — dolichol

dopa — dihydroxyphenylalanine

E — electrical potential

E.C. — Enzyme Commission (following the enzyme number in its formal Classification)

ECM — Extracellular matrix

EDTA — ethylenediaminetetraacetate

EF — elongation factor

EGF — epidermal growth factor

ELISA — enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EM — Electron microscopy

emf — electromotive force

EPO — Erythropoietin

ε — molar absorption coefficient

ER — Endoplasmic reticulum

EST — expressed sequence tag

ɳ — viscosity

F — farad

f — frictional coefficient

FA — fatty acid

G6PD — glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

FAD, FADH₂ — flavin adenine dinucleotide and its reduced form

FAS — fatty acid synthase

FBPase-1 — fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

FBPase-2 — fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase

Fd — ferredoxin

FDNB (DNFB) — 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

F0F1 — mitochondrial ATP synthase

FFA — free (non-esterified) fatty acid

FH — familial hypercholesterolemia

fMet — N-formylmethionine

FMN, FMNH₂ — flavin mononucleotide and its reduced form

FOXO1 — transcription factor; from English forkhead box O1

FP — flavoprotein

F1P — fructose-1-phosphate

F6P — fructose-6-phosphate

FRAP — fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

FRET — fluorescence Resonance energy transfer

Fru — D-fructose

∆G — change in Free energy

∆G° — change in Standard Free Energy

∆G'° — apparent change in standard free energy under biochemical Standard States

∆G* — activation energy

∆G_B — binding energy

∆G_p — change in Free energy of ATP Hydrolysis (phosphorylation potential) under intracellular conditions

G — guanine, guanosine, or guanylate

g — acceleration due to gravity

GABA — γ-aminobutyric acid

Gal — D-galactose

GalN — D-galactosamine

GalNAc — N-acetyl-D-galactosamine

GAP — glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; GTPase-activating protein

GDH — Glutamate dehydrogenase

GEF — guanine nucleotide exchange factor

GFP — green fluorescent protein

GH — Growth Hormone

GHB — glycated Hemoglobin

GLC (GLC) — Gas-Liquid Chromatography

Glc — D-glucose

GlcA — D-gluconic acid

GlcN — D-glucosamine

GlcNAc — N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG)

GlcUA — D-glucuronic acid

Gln — glutamine

Glu — glutamic acid, glutamate

GLUT — glucose transporter

Gly — Glycine

GMP, GDP, GTP — guanosine 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphate

GPCR — G protein-coupled receptor

GPI — glycosylated phosphatidylinositol derivative

G1P — glucose-1-phosphate

G6P — glucose-6-phosphate

GRK — G protein-coupled receptor kinase

GSH, GSSG — Glutathione and its oxidized form

GSK3 — Glycogen synthase kinase 3

∆Н — enthalpy change

НА — hemagglutinin protein

Hb, HbO₂— hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, oxidized hemoglobin

HDL (ЛПВП) high-density Lipoproteins

Н₂folate (Н₂-фолат) — dihydrofolate (DHF)

Н₄folate (Н₄-фолат) — tetrahydrofolate (THF)

HIF — Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor

His — Histidine

HIV (ВИЧ) — HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS

HMG-CoA — β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA

hnRNA (гяРНК) heterogeneous nuclear RNA

HPLC (ВЭЖХ) — High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

HRE — hormone response element

Hsp — heat Shock protein

НТН — helix-turn-helix

Нур — hydroxyproline

I — inosine

IF — initiation factor

Ig (ИГ) — immunoglobulin (antibody)

IgG — immunoglobulin G

Ile — isoleucine

IMP, IDP, ITP — inosine 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphate

IР₃ — Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate

IR — infrared

IRP — iron regulatory protein

IRS-1, IRS-2 — Insulin Receptor substrate 1 and substrate 2

IS (IS element) — insertion sequence

J — joule

JAK — Janus kinase

K_a — acid dissociation constant

K_d — dissociation constant

K_D — diffusion constant

K_eq — Equilibrium Constant

K′_eq — standard equilibrium constant

K_I — inhibition constant

K_m — Michaelis constant

k — rate constant

k_cat — turnover number

kb — kilobases

kbp — kilobase pairs

α-KG — α-ketoglutarate

lac — lactose

λ — wavelength

LDH — Lactate dehydrogenase

LDL — low-density lipoprotein

Leu — leucine

LH — luteinizing hormone

LHC — light-harvesting complex

Lk — linking number

In — natural logarithm

lg — common logarithm

LT — leukotriene

LTR — Long Terminal Repeat

Lys — Lysine

Мr — relative molecular mass

Man — D-mannose

МАРК — mitogen-activated protein Kinases

Mb, MbO₂ — Myoglobin, oxymyoglobin, and oxidized myoglobin

MCAD — medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

МСМ — minichromosome maintenance Proteins

mDNA (мДНК) — Mitochondrial DNA

Met — Methionine

MFP — multifunctional protein (in Fatty acid oxidation)

miRNA — microRNA

MODY — maturity-onset diabetes of the young

mRNA (мРНК) — Messenger RNA

MS (МС) — mass spectrometry

MSH (МСГ) — melanocyte-stimulating hormone

μ — electrophoretic mobility

Mur — muramic acid

Mur2Ac — N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

NAD⁺, NADH — nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and its reduced form

NADP⁺, NADPH — nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and its reduced form

NAG — N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)

NAM — N-acetylmuramic acid (Mur2Ac)

ncRNA — non-coding RNA

Neu5Ac — N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid)

NMN⁺, NMNH — nicotinamide mononucleotide and its reduced form

NMP, NDP, NTP — nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphate

NMR — nuclear magnetic resonance

NO — nitric oxide

OAA — oxaloacetate

ORC — origin recognition complex

ORF — Open Reading Frame

P — pressure

P_i — inorganic phosphate

PAB or PABA — p-aminobenzoate (Para-aminobenzoic Acid)

PAGE — Polyacrylamide gel Electrophoresis

PC — plastocyanin; phosphatidylcholine

PCR — Polymerase Chain Reaction

PDB — Protein Data Bank

PDE — phosphodiesterase

PDH — Pyruvate dehydrogenase

PE — phosphatidylethanolamine

PEP — phosphoenolpyruvate

PEPCK — phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

PET — positron emission tomography

PFK — Phosphofructokinase

PG — prostaglandin

2PGA — 2-phosphoglycerate

3PGA — 3-phosphoglycerate

pH — lg(l/[H⁺])

Phe — phenylalanine

PI — phosphatidylinositol

pI — isoelectric point

PIP₂ — phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate

PK — protein kinase; pyruvate kinase

pK — lg(1/K)

PKA — cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A)

PKB — protein kinase B (Akt)

PKC — Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C)

PKG — cGMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase G)

PKU — phenylketonuria

PLC — phospholipase C

PLP — pyridoxal 5'-phosphate

pO₂ — partial pressure of oxygen

Pol — polymerase (DNA or RNA)

PP_i — inorganic pyrophosphate

PP1 — phosphoprotein phosphatase 1

PPAR — peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

PQ — plastoquinone

pRb — retinoblastoma protein

Pro — Proline

PRPP — 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate

PS — phosphatidylserine; photosystem

∆Ψ — transmembrane electrical potential

PTB — phosphotyrosine-binding

PUFA — polyunsaturated fatty acid

Q — mass action ratio

Q, QH₂ — ubiquinone, reduced ubiquinone

Rb — retinoblastoma Gene (tumor suppressor gene)

RC — photoreaction center

RER — rough endoplasmic reticulum

RF — releasing factor; replicative form

RFLP — restriction fragment length polymorphism

RGS — regulator of G-protein signaling

RIA — radioimmunoassay

Rib — D-ribose

RLK — receptor-like protein kinase

RNA — ribonucleic acid

RNAi — RNA Interference

RNase — Ribonuclease

ROS — reactive oxygen species; rod outer segment (retina)

rRNA — ribosomal RNA

RSV — Rous Sarcoma virus

RTK — receptor Tyrosine kinase (Tyr kinase receptor)

∆S — Entropy change

SAM — S-adenosylmethionine (adoMet)

SDS — sodium dodecyl sulfate

SELEX — systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment

SER — smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Ser — Serine

SERCA — sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase

SMC — structural maintenance of Chromosomes proteins

SNARE — soluble NSF attachment protein receptor

snoRNA — small nucleolar RNA

STP — single nucleotide polymorphism

snRNA — small nuclear RNA

snRNP — small nuclear ribonucleoprotein

SREBP — sterol regulatory element-binding protein

sRNA — small RNA SRP — signal recognition particle

STAT — signal transducer and activator of transcription

STP — standard Temperature and pressure

STR — short tandem repeat

stRNA — small temporal RNA

STS — sequence-tagged site

SUR — sulfonylurea receptor

T — thymine, thymidine, or thymidylate

T — absolute temperature

T2DM — type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (non-insulin-dependent)

TBP — TATA-binding protein

TCA — tricarboxylic acid

TFP — trifunctional protein

THF — tetrahydrofolate (H₄-folate)

Thr — Threonine

TLC — Thin-Layer Chromatography

TMP, TDP, TTP — thymidine 5'-mono-, di-, triphosphate

TMV — tobacco mosaic virus

TPI — Triosephosphate isomerase

TPP — thiamine pyrophosphate

tRNA — Transfer RNA

Trp — Tryptophan

TX — thromboxane

Tyr — tyrosine

U — uracil, uridine, or uridylate

UAS — upstream activating sequence

UCP — uncoupling protein

UDP-Gal — uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose)

UDP-Glc — uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose)

UMP, UDP, UTP — uridine 5'-mono-, di-, triphosphate

UQ — ubiquinone (coenzyme Q; CoQ)

UV — ultraviolet

V_m — transmembrane electrical potential (Membrane Potential)

V_max — maximum velocity

V₀ — initial velocity

Val — valine

VDR — vitamin D receptor

VEGF — vascular endothelial growth factor

VLDL — very low-density lipoprotein

WAT — Cytology/practical/49.html">White adipose tissue

YAC — Yeast artificial chromosome

Z — net charge