Human Anatomy - Kotsan I. Ya. 2009

Vessels of the Lesser (Pulmonary) Circulation
Veins of the Greater Circulation
Veins of the Lower Limb

Like the Veins OF THE upper limb, the veins of the lower limb are divided into superficial and deep.

The superficial veins of the lower limb (vv. superficiales membri inferioris) are located subcutaneously within the adipose tissue.

Veins of the dorsal surface of the FOOT: the dorsal digital veins of the foot (vv. digitales dorsales pedis) originate from the venous plexuses of the digits and empty into the dorsal venous arch of the foot (arcus venosus dorsalis pedis). The medial and lateral sections of this arch give rise to the medial and lateral marginal veins (v. marginalis medialis et v. marginalis lateralis).

On the plantar surface of the foot lies the plantar venous network (rete venosum plantare), which receives Blood from numerous subcutaneous veins. It anastomoses with the deep veins of the digits and metatarsus, as well as with the dorsal venous arch of the foot.

Blood from the subcutaneous veins of the dorsal and plantar surfaces of the foot drains via the great and small saphenous veins of the leg.

The great saphenous vein (v. saphena magna) contains numerous Valves and is formed on the medial side of the dorsal venous network of the foot at the junction of the medial marginal vein with the dorsal venous arch (appearing as a direct continuation of the medial marginal vein) (Fig. 218). Anterior to the medial malleolus, the vein ascends onto the leg, running along its medial surface alongside the saphenous nerve. Further upward, the great saphenous vein curves posteriorly around the medial epicondyle of the Femur, crosses the sartorius Muscle, runs along the anteromedial surface of the thigh, and empties into the femoral vein. The tributaries of the great saphenous vein collect blood from the Skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue, primarily from the medial surfaces of the foot, leg, and thigh. Frequently (prior to draining into the femoral vein), the great saphenous vein receives subcutaneous veins from the external genitalia and the anterior abdominal wall: the external pudendal veins (vv. pudendae externae), the superficial circumflex iliac vein (v. circumflexa iliaca superficialis), the superficial epigastric

superficialis, the superficial dorsal veins of the Penis (Clitoris) (vv. dorsales superficiales penis (clitoridi)), and the anterior scrotal (labial) veins (vv. scrotales (labiales) anteriores)).

The small saphenous vein (v. saphena parva) contains many valves and is formed from the lateral margin of the dorsal venous network of the foot by the confluence of the lateral marginal vein and the dorsal venous arch (Fig. 218). Passing posterior to the lateral malleolus, the small saphenous vein ascends the leg, where it travels within the sulcus between the lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius muscle to reach the popliteal fossa and empty into the popliteal vein. The small saphenous vein collects blood from the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue of the posterolateral Regions of the foot and leg. Its tributaries form numerous anastomoses with the deep veins and the great saphenous vein of the leg.

The deep veins of the lower limb (vv. profundae membri inferioris) contain numerous valves and accompany the Arteries of the same name in pairs. The deep femoral vein is an exception. The course of the deep veins and the regions from which they drain blood correspond to the branching patterns of the similarly named arteries.

The deep veins of the plantar surface of the foot originate as the plantar digital veins (vv. digitales plantares), which subsequently unite to form the plantar metatarsal veins (vv. metatarsales plantares). Running proximally, the plantar metatarsal veins empty into the plantar venous arch (arcus venosus plantaris). Blood drains from this arch via the lateral plantar veins (vv. plantares laterales), which accompany the artery of the same name. The lateral plantar veins unite with the medial plantar veins (vv. plantares mediales) to form the posterior tibial veins (vv. tibiales posteriores).

The deep veins of the dorsum of the foot begin as the dorsal digital veins of the foot (vv. digitales dorsales pedis), which merge into the dorsal metatarsal veins of the foot (vv. metatarsales dorsales pedis). The dorsal metatarsal veins empty into the dorsal venous arch of the foot (arcus venosus dorsalis pedis), from which blood drains into the anterior tibial veins (vv. tibiales anteriores).

The anterior tibial veins (vv. tibiales anteriores) are formed by the union of the deep veins of the dorsal surface of the foot. Upon reaching the leg, the veins course alongside the artery of the same name, pierce the interosseous membrane to reach the posterior aspect of the leg, and, by merging with the posterior tibial veins, form the popliteal vein.

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Fig. 218. Superficial veins of the lower limb (right)

A — anterior view; B — posterior view; 1 — great saphenous vein of the leg; 2 — small saphenous vein of the leg; 3 — dorsal venous network of the foot

The posterior tibial veins (vv. tibiales posteriores) are paired, accompany the arteries of the same name, and receive a series of veins along their course that drain blood from the bones, Muscles, and Fascia of the posterior leg, including the relatively large fibular veins (vv. fibulares). In the upper third of the leg, the posterior tibial veins merge with the anterior tibial veins to form the popliteal vein.

The popliteal vein (v. poplitea), upon entering the popliteal fossa, lies lateral and posterior to the popliteal artery. Following the course of the popliteal artery, the popliteal vein traverses the popliteal fossa and continues as the femoral vein.

The femoral vein (v. femoralis) is occasionally paired, accompanies the artery of the same name, passes beneath the inguinal ligament, and continues as the external iliac vein. Along its course, the femoral vein receives a series of veins that accompany the arteries of the same name:

1) the deep femoral vein (v. profunda femoris), which typically presents as a single trunk and receives the following veins: the perforating veins (vv. perforantes), which follow the course of the similarly named arteries; and the medial and lateral femoral circumflex veins (vv. circumflexae mediales et laterales femoralis), which run in pairs alongside the corresponding arteries and anastomose both with each other and with the perforating, inferior gluteal, and obturator veins.

In addition to the aforementioned veins, the femoral vein receives several subcutaneous veins:

1) the superficial epigastric vein (v. epigastrica superficialis), which accompanies the artery of the same name, collects blood from the inferior regions of the anterior abdominal wall, and empties into the femoral vein or the great saphenous vein;

2) the superficial circumflex iliac vein (v. circumflexa iliaca superficialis);

3) the thoracoepigastric veins (vv. thoracoepigastricae), which collect blood from the subcutaneous veins of the lateral chest and abdominal wall. These veins drain superiorly via the lateral thoracic vein into the axillary vein, and inferiorly via the superficial epigastric vein into the femoral vein;

4) the external pudendal veins (vv. pudendae externae), which receive the anterior scrotal veins (vv. scrotales anteriores) in males or the anterior labial veins (vv. labiales anteriores) in females; and the superficial dorsal vein of the penis / clitoris (v. dorsalis superficialis penis / clitoridi), which drains blood from the subcutaneous tissue of the penis / clitoris;

5) the great saphenous vein (v. saphena magna), the largest of all subcutaneous veins emptying into the femoral vein.

The Circulatory system contains A large number of arterial and venous anastomoses. A distinction is made between intersystemic anastomoses, which connect branches of arteries or tributaries of veins belonging to different systems, and intrasystemic anastomoses, which occur between branches or tributaries within the same system. For instance, Intersystemic Arterial Anastomoses exist between the following: the subclavian and the external or internal carotid arteries on one side, and both carotid arteries on the other; the subclavian and external iliac arteries; the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery; the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries; the inferior mesenteric and internal iliac arteries; and the Abdominal Aorta and the internal iliac artery. Anastomoses are also present between the arteries of the shoulder girdle and the free upper limb, among the arteries of the free upper limb themselves, between the arteries of the pelvis and the free lower limb, and among the Arteries of the free lower limb themselves. In the Lungs, there are intersystemic anastomoses between the Vessels of the SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY circulations, specifically between the small Branches of the pulmonary and bronchial arteries.

The most prominent intersystemic anastomoses are found between the superior and inferior venae cavae, the SUPERIOR VENA CAVA and the portal vein, and the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the portal vein (or between both venae cavae and the portal vein). These are known as cavacaval, portocaval, and cavaportocaval anastomoses, named after the major veins whose tributaries they connect.

An example of a cavacaval anastomosis is the one located in the umbilical region, which drains venous blood from this area via the superior epigastric veins into the superior vena cava system, or via the inferior epigastric veins into the inferior vena cava system.

The most pronounced portocaval anastomoses include three distinct networks located in the abdominal region. One of them is situated in the abdominal part of the Esophagus. From here, venous blood can flow into the azygos vein (superior vena cava system) or the gastric veins (PORTAL VEIN SYSTEM). Another portocaval anastomosis is located in the upper segment of the rectum; venous blood from this part of the organ drains into the superior rectal veins (portal vein system) and the internal iliac vein (inferior vena cava system). A third portocaval anastomosis is located on the anterior abdominal wall in the umbilical region, where venous blood drains via the paraumbilical veins into the portal vein system, and via the epigastric veins (both superior and inferior) into the caval systems (superior and inferior venae cavae).

It is generally believed that under normal conditions, The Role of cavacaval and portocaval anastomoses is negligible. However, when venous outflow through one of the main venous systems is obstructed, these anastomoses play an active role in redistributing blood among the primary drainage pathways.

Main Latin terms

Vessels of the Pulmonary Circulation

Pulmonary trunk — truncus pulmonalis

Bifurcation of pulmonary trunk — bifurcatio trunci pulmonalis

Right pulmonary artery — a. pulmonalis dextra

Branches of superior lobe — rami lobi superioris

Apical branch — r. apicalis

Anterior ascending branch — r. anterior ascendens

Anterior descending branch — r. anterior descendens

Posterior ascending branch — r. posterior ascendens

Posterior descending branch — r. posterior descendens

Branches of middle lobe — rami lobi medii

Lateral branch — r. lateralis

Medial branch — r. medialis

Apical (superior) branch of inferior lobe — r. apicalis (superior) lobi inferioris

Branches of inferior lobe — rami lobi inferioris

Medial basal branch — r. basalis medialis

Anterior basal branch — r. basalis anterior

Posterior basal branch — r. basalis posterior

Lateral basal branch — r. basalis lateralis

Left pulmonary artery — a. pulmonalis sinistra

Branches of the superior lobe — rami lobi superioris

Apical branch — r. apicalis

Anterior ascending branch — r. anterior ascendens

Anterior descending branch — r. anterior descendens

Posterior branch — r. posterioris

Lingular branch — r. lingularis

Apical branch of the inferior lobe — r. apicalis lobi inferioris

Branches of the inferior lobe — rami lobi inferioris

Medial basal branch — r. basalis medialis

Lateral basal branch — r. basalis lateralis

Anterior basal branch — r. basalis anterior

Posterior basal branch — r. basalis posterior

Pulmonary veins — venae pulmonales

Right superior pulmonary vein — v. pulmonalis dextra superior

Apical branch — r. apicalis

Intrasegmental part — pars intrasegmentalis

Intersegmental part — pars intersegmentalis

Anterior branch — r. anterior

Intrasegmental part — pars intrasegmentalis

Intersegmental part — pars intersegmentalis

Posterior branch — r. posterior

Sublobar part — pars infralobaris

Interlobar part — pars intralobaris

Middle lobe branch — r. lobi medii

Lateral part — pars lateralis

Medial part — pars medialis

Right inferior pulmonary vein — v. pulmonalis inferior dextra

Apical (superior) branch — r. apicalis (superior)

Intrasegmental part — pars intrasegmentalis

Intersegmental part — pars intersegmentalis

Common basal vein — v. basalis communis

Superior basal vein — v. basalis superior

Inferior basal vein — v. basalis inferior

Left superior pulmonary vein — v. pulmonalis superior sinistra

Apicoposterior branch — r. apicoposterior

Intrasegmental part — pars intrasegmentalis

Intersegmental part — pars intersegmentalis

Anterior branch — r. anterior

Intrasegmental part — pars intrasegmentalis

Intersegmental part — pars intersegmentalis

Lingular branch — r. lingularis

Superior part — pars superior

Inferior part — pars inferior

Left inferior pulmonary vein — v. pulmonalis inferior sinistra

Apical branch — r. apicalis

Intrasegmental part — pars intrasegmentalis

Intersegmental part — pars intersegmentalis

Common basal vein — v. basalis communis

Superior basal vein — v. basalis superior

Inferior basal vein — v. basalis inferior

Arteries of the systemic circulation

Aorta — aorta

Ascending aorta — pars ascendens aortae

Aortic bulb — bulbus aortae

Aortic sinuses — sinus aortae

Aortic arch — arcus aortae

Isthmus of aorta — isthmus aortae

Descending aorta — pars descendens aortae

Thoracic Aorta — pars thoracica aortae

Abdominal aorta — pars abdominalis aortae

Bifurcation of aorta — bifurcatio aortae

Branches of the ascending aorta

Right coronary artery — a. coronaria dextra

Left coronary artery — a. coronaria sinistra

Branches of the aortic arch

Brachiocephalic trunk — truncus brachiocephalicus

Common carotid artery — a. carotis communis

Carotid body - glomus caroticum

Carotid sinus — sinus caroticus

Carotid bifurcation — bifurcatio carotidis

External Carotid Artery — a. carotis externa

Superior thyroid artery — a. thyroidea superior

Lingual artery — a. lingualis

Facial artery — a. facialis

Occipital artery — a. occipitalis

Occipital branches — rr. occipitales

Sternocleidomastoid artery — a. sternocleidomastoidea

Posterior auricular artery — a. auricularis posterior

Ascending pharyngeal artery — a. pharyngea ascendens

Posterior meningeal artery — a. meningea posterior

Inferior tympanic artery — a. tympanica inferior

Superficial temporal artery — a. temporalis superficialis

Frontal branch — r. frontalis

Parietal branch — r. parietalis

Transverse facial artery — a. transversa faciei

Maxillary artery — a. maxillaris

Inferior alveolar artery — a. alveolaris inferior

Middle meningeal artery — meningea media

Anterior tympanic artery — tympanica anterior

Deep auricular artery — a. auricularis profunda

Masseteric artery — a. masseterica

Deep temporal arteries — aa. temporales profundae

Pterygoid branches — rr. pterigoidei

Buccal artery — a. buccalis

Posterior superior alveolar artery — a. alveolaris superior posterior

Infraorbital artery — a. infraorbitalis

Descending palatine artery — a. palatina descendens

Sphenopalatine artery — a. sphenopalatina

Internal Carotid Artery — a. carotis interna

Cervical part — pars cervicalis

Petrous part — pars petrosa

Cavernous part — pars cavernosa

Cerebral part — pars cerebralis

Ophthalmic artery — a. ophthalmica

Supratrochlear artery — a. supratrochlearis

Medial palpebral arteries — aa. palpebrales mediales

Superior palpebral arch — arcus palpebralis superior

Inferior palpebral arch — arcus palpebralis inferior

Dorsal nasal artery — a. dorsalis nasi

Lacrimal artery — a. lacrimalis

Lateral palpebral arteries — aa. palpebrales laterales

Short and long posterior ciliary arteries — aa. ciliares posteriores breves / longae

Central retinal artery — a. centralis retinae

Muscular branches — aa. musculares

Posterior ethmoidal artery — a. ethmoidalis posterior

Anterior ethmoidal artery — a. ethmoidalis anterior

Anterior meningeal branch — r. meningeus anterior

Anterior ciliary arteries — aa. ciliares anteriores

Anterior cerebral artery — a. cerebri anterior

Anterior communicating artery — a. communicans anterior

Middle cerebral artery — a. cerebri media

Sphenoidal part — pars sphenoidalis

Anterolateral central arteries — aa. centrales anterolaterales

Insular part — pars insularis

Insular arteries — aa. insulares

Lateral frontobasal artery — a. frontobasalis lateralis

Anterior temporal artery — a. temporalis anterior

Middle temporal artery — a. temporalis media

Posterior temporal artery — a. temporalis posterior

Terminal (cortical) part — pars terminalis (corticalis)

Artery of the central sulcus — a. sulci centralis

Artery of the precentral sulcus — a. sulci precentralis

Artery of the postcentral sulcus — a. sulci postcentralis

Anterior parietal artery — a. parietalis anterior

Posterior parietal artery — a. parietalis posterior

Angular gyrus artery — a. gyri angularis

Posterior communicating artery — a. communicans posterior

Anterior choroidal artery — a. choroidea anterior

Arterial circle of the cerebrum (Circle of Willis) — circulus arteriosus cerebri (Willisii)

Subclavian Artery — a. subclavia

Vertebral artery — a. vertebralis

Prevertebral part — pars prevertebralis

Transverse (cervical) part — pars transversaria (cervicalis)

Spinal (radicular) branches — rr. spinales (radiculares)

Muscular branches — rr. musculares

Atlantic part — pars atlantica

Intracranial part — pars intracranialis

Anterior and posterior meningeal branches — rr. meningeales anterior et posterior

Anterior spinal artery — a. spinalis anterior

Posterior spinal artery — a. spinalis posterior

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery — a. cerebelli inferior posterior

Basilar artery — a. basilaris

Labyrinthine artery — a. labyrinthi

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery — a. cerebelli inferior anterior

Superior cerebellar artery — a. cerebelli superior

Pontine arteries — aa. pontis

Posterior cerebral artery — a. cerebri posterior

Internal thoracic artery — a. thoracica interna

Thymic branches — rr. thymici

Mediastinal branches — rr. mediastinales

Bronchial branches — rr. bronchiales

Pericardiacophrenic artery — a. pericardiacophrenica

Sternal branches — rr. sternales

Perforating branches — rr. perforantes

Medial mammary branches — rr. mammarii mediales

Anterior intercostal branches — rr. intercostales anteriores

Musculophrenic artery — a. musculophrenica

Superior epigastric artery — a. epigastrica superior

Thyrocervical trunk — truncus thyrocervicalis

Inferior thyroid artery — a. thyroidea inferior

Glandular branches - rr. glandulares

Tracheal branches — rr. tracheales

Pharyngeal branches — rr. pharyngeales

Esophageal branches — rr. oesophageales

Inferior laryngeal artery — a. laryngealis inferior

Ascending cervical artery — a. cervicalis ascendens

Suprascapular artery — a. suprascapularis

Acromial branch — r. acromialis

Superficial cervical artery — a. cervicalis superficialis

Costocervical trunk — truncus costocervicalis

Deep cervical artery — a. cervicalis profunda

Supreme intercostal artery — a. intercostalis suprema

Transverse cervical artery — a. transversa cervicalis

Superficial branch — r.superficialis

Deep branch — r. profundus

Axillary artery — a. axillaris

Superior thoracic artery — a. thoracica superior

Thoracoacromial artery — a. thoracoacromialis

Acromial branch — r. acromialis

Pectoral branches — rr. pectorales

Clavicular branch — r. clavicularis

Deltoid branch — r. deltoideus

Lateral thoracic artery — a. thoracica lateralis

Subscapular artery — a. subscapularis

Circumflex scapular artery — a. circumflexa scapulae

Thoracodorsal artery — a. thoracodorsalis

Anterior humeral circumflex artery — a. circumflexa humeri anterior

Posterior humeral circumflex artery — a. circumflexa humeri posterior

Brachial artery — a. brachialis

Deep artery of arm — a. profunda brachii

Nutrient arteries of humerus — a. nutriciae humeri

Deltoid branch — r. deltoideus

Radial collateral artery — a. collateralis radialis

Middle collateral artery — a. collateralis media

Superior ulnar collateral artery — a. collateralis ulnaris superior

Inferior ulnar collateral artery — a. collateralis ulnaris inferior

Radial artery — a. radialis

Deep palmar arch — arcus palmaris profundus

Palmar metacarpal arteries — aa. metacarpales palmares

Perforating branches — rr. perforantes

Radial recurrent artery — a. recurrens radialis

Superficial palmar branch — r. palmaris superficialis

Palmar carpal branch — r.carpalis palmaris

Palmar carpal network — rete carpale palmare

Dorsal carpal branch — r.carpalis dorsalis

Dorsal carpal network — rete carpale dorsale

Dorsal metacarpal arteries — aa. metacarpales dorsales

Dorsal digital arteries — aa. digitales dorsales

First dorsal metacarpal artery — a. metacarpea dorsalis І

Princeps pollicis artery — a. princeps pollicis

Ulnar artery — a. ulnaris

Superficial palmar arch — arcus palmaris superficialis

Ulnar recurrent artery — a. reccurrens ulnaris

Anterior branch — r. anterior

Posterior branch — r. posterior

Common interosseous artery — a. interossea communis

Anterior interosseous artery — a. interossea anterior

Posterior interosseous artery — a. interossea posterior

Recurrent interosseous artery — a. interossea recurrens

Vena comitans of median nerve — a. comitans nervi mediani

Palmar carpal branch — r. carpalis palmaris

Deep palmar branch — r. palmaris profundus

Common palmar digital arteries — aa. digitales palmares communes

Proper palmar digital arteries — aa. digitales palmares propriae

Acromial network — rete acromiale

Articular network of elbow — rete articulare cubiti

Dorsal carpal network — rete carpale dorsale

Palmar carpal network — rete carpale palmare

Parietal branches of thoracic aorta

Superior phrenic arteries — aa. phrenicae superiores

Posterior intercostal arteries — aa. intercostales posteriores

Dorsal branch — r. dorsales

Spinal branch — r. spinalis

Lateral and medial cutaneous branches — r. cutaneus lateralis et r. cutaneus medialis

Lateral mammary branches — rr. mammarii laterales

Visceral Branches of thoracic aorta

Bronchial branches — rr. bronchiales

Esophageal branches — rr. oesophageales

Pericardial branches — rr. pericardiaci

Mediastinal branches — rr. mediastinales

Parietal Branches of the Abdominal Aorta

Inferior phrenic artery — a. phrenica inferior

Superior suprarenal arteries — aa. suprarenales superiores

Lumbar arteries — aa. lumbales

Dorsal branch — r. dorsalis

Spinal branch — r. spinalis

Median sacral artery — a. sacralis mediana

Coccygeal body — glomus coccygeum

Ima lumbar arteries — aa. lumbales imae

Lateral sacral branches — rr. sacrales laterales

Visceral branches of the abdominal aorta

Celiac trunk — truncus coeliacus

Left gastric artery — a. gastrica sinistra

Esophageal branches — rr. oesophageales

Common hepatic artery — a. hepatica communis

Proper hepatic artery — a. hepatica propria

Right branch - r. dexter

Cystic artery — a. cystica

Left branch — r. sinister

Right gastric artery — a. gastrica dextra

Gastroduodenal artery — a. gastroduodenalis

Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery — a. pancreaticoduodenalis superior posterior

Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery — a. pancreaticoduodenalis superior anterior

Right gastro-omental artery — a. gastroepiploica dextra

Splenic artery — a. lienalis, splenica

Pancreatic branches — rr. pancreatici

Short gastric arteries — aa. gastricae breves

Left gastro-omental artery — a. gastroepiploica sinistra

Splenic branches — rr. splenici

Superior mesenteric artery — a. mesenterica superior

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries — aa. pancreaticoduodenales inferiores

Jejunal arteries — aa. jejunales

Ileal arteries — aa. ileales

Ileocolic artery — a. ileocolica

Anterior and posterior caecal arteries — aa. caecales anterior et posterior

Appendicular artery — a. appendicularis

Ascending artery — a. ascendens

Right colic artery — a. colica dexstra

Middle colic artery — a. colica media

Inferior mesenteric artery — a. mesenterica inferior

Left colic artery — a. colica sinistra

Sigmoidal arteries — aa. sigmoideae

Superior rectal artery — a. rectalis superior

Middle suprarenal artery — a. suprarenalis media

Renal artery — a. renalis

Inferior suprarenal artery — a. suprarenalis inferior

Capsular arteries — aa. capsulares

Ureteric branches — rr. ureterici

Testicular artery — a. testicularis

Ovarian artery — a. ovarica

Common iliac artery — a. iliaca communis

Internal iliac artery — a. iliaca interna

Parietal branches of the internal iliac artery

Iliolumbar artery — a. iliolumbalis

Lumbar branch — r. lumbalis

Iliac branch — r. iliacus

Lateral sacral arteries — aa. sacrales laterales

Superior gluteal artery — a. glutealis superior

Superficial branch — r. superficialis

Deep branch — r. profundus

Obturator artery — a. obturatoria

Anterior branch — r. anterior

Posterior branch — r. posterior

Acetabular branch — r. acetabularis

Pubic branch — r. pubicus

Inferior gluteal artery — a. glutealis inferior

Comitans artery of the sciatic nerve — a. comitans nervi ischiadici

Visceral branches of the internal iliac artery

Umbilical artery — a. umbilicalis

Artery of the Ductus deferens — a. ductus deferentis

Ureteric branches — rr. ureterici

Superior vesical arteries — aa. vesicales superiores

Inferior vesical artery — a. vesicalis inferior

Uterine artery — a. uterina

Vaginal artery — a. vaginalis

Tubal branch — r. tubarius

Ovarian branch — r. ovaricus

Middle rectal artery — a. rectalis media

Internal pudendal artery — a. pudenda interna

Inferior rectal artery — a. rectalis inferior

Perineal artery — a. perinealis

Urethral artery — a. urethralis

Posterior scrotal branches — rr. scrotales pasteriores

Posterior labial branches — rr. labiales posteriores

Artery of the bulb of the penis — a. bulbi penis

Dorsal artery of the vestibular bulb / Artery of the vestibular bulb — a. vestibuli vaginae

Deep artery of the penis — a. profunda penis

Deep artery of the clitoris — a. profunda clitoridis

Dorsal artery of the penis / clitoris — a. dorsalis penis / clitoridis

External iliac artery — a. iliaca externa

Inferior epigastric artery — a. epigastrica inferior

Pubic branch — r. pubicus

Cremasteric artery — a. cremasterica

Artery of the round ligament of the Uterus — a. ligamentum teretis uteri

Deep circumflex iliac artery — a. circumflexa iliaca profunda

Femoral artery — a. femoralis

Superficial epigastric artery — а. epigastrica superficialis

Superficial circumflex iliac artery — a. circumflexa iliaca superficialis

External pudendal arteries — aa. pudendae externae

Inguinal branches — rr. inguinales

Anterior scrotal branches — rr. scrotales anteriores

Anterior labial branches — rr. labiales anteriores

Deep artery of the thigh — a. profunda femoris

Medial femoral circumflex artery — a. circumflexa femoris medialis

Superficial and deep branches — r. superficialis et r. profundus

Ascending branch — r. ascendens

Descending branch — r. descendens

Acetabular branch — r. acetabularis

Lateral femoral circumflex artery — a. circumflexa femoris lateralis

Ascending branch — r. ascendens

Descending branch — r. descendens

Transverse branch - r. transversus

Perforating arteries — aa. perforantes

Descending genicular artery — a. genus descendens

Popliteal artery — a. poplitea

Superior lateral genicular artery — a. superior lateralis genus

Superior medial genicular artery — a. superior medialis genus

Inferior lateral genicular artery — a. inferior lateralis genus

Inferior medial genicular artery — a. inferior medialis genus

Middle genicular artery — a. media genus

Sural arteries — aa. surales

Anterior tibial artery — а. tibialis anterior

Posterior recurrent tibial artery — a. recurrens tibialis posterior

Anterior recurrent tibial artery — a. recurrens tibialis anterior

Lateral anterior malleolar artery — a. malleolaris anterior lateralis

Medial anterior malleolar artery — a. malleolaris anterior medialis

Dorsal artery of the foot — a. dorsalis pedis

First dorsal metatarsal artery — a. metatarsea dorsalis prima

Dorsal digital arteries — aa.digitales dorsales

Deep plantar branch — r.plantaris profundus

Lateral tarsal artery — a. tarsalis lateralis

Medial tarsal arteries — aa.tarsales mediales

Arcuate artery — a.arcuata

Dorsal metatarsal arteries — aa. metatarseae dorsales

Dorsal digital arteries — aa.digitales dorsales

Posterior tibial artery — a. tibialis posterior

Fibular circumflex branch — r. circumflexus fibularis

Medial malleolar branches — r. melleolares mediales

Calcaneal branches — rr. calcanei

Fibular artery — a. fibularis

Calcaneal branches — rr. calcanei

Nutrient artery of Fibula — a. nutriens fibulae

Perforating branch — r. perforans

Lateral malleolar branches — rr. melleolares laterales

Communicating branch — r. communicans

Nutrient artery of Tibia — a. nutriens tibialis

Medial plantar artery — a. plantaris medialis

Lateral plantar artery — a. plantaris lateralis

Plantar arch — arcus plantaris

Plantar metatarsal arteries — aa. metatarsales plantares

Common plantar digital arteries — aa. digitales plantares communes

Proper plantar digital arteries — aa. digitales plantares propriae

Veins of the systemic circulation

Superior vena cava — vena cava superior

Azygos vein — v. azygos

Right superior intercostal vein — v. intercostalis superior dextra

Hemiazygos vein — v. hemiazygos

Accessory hemiazygos vein — v. hemiazygos accessoria

Esophageal veins — vv. oesophageales

Mediastinal veins — vv. mediastinales

Posterior intercostal veins — vv. intercostales posteriores

Dorsal branch — r. dorsalis

Intervertebral vein — v. intervertebralis

Vertebral venous plexuses — plexus venosi vertebrales

Anterior internal vertebral plexus — plexus venosus vertebralis internus anterior

Posterior internal vertebral plexus — plexus venosus vertebralis internus posterior

Anterior external vertebral plexus — plexus venosus vertebralis externus anterior

Posterior external vertebral plexus — plexus venosus vertebralis externus posterior

Brachiocephalic vein — v. brachiocephalica

Inferior thyroid veins — vv. thyroidea inferiores

Inferior laryngeal vein — v. laryngea inferior

Vertebral vein — v. vertebralis

Deep cervical vein — v. cervicalis profunda

Internal thoracic veins — vv. thoracicae internae

Musculophrenic veins — vv. musculophrenicae

Anterior intercostal veins — vv. intercostales anteriores

Pericardial veins — vv. pericardiacae

Pericardiacophrenic veins — vv. pericardiacophrenicae

Mediastinal veins — vv. mediastinales

Thymic veins — vv. thymicae

Bronchial veins — vv. bronchiales

Tracheal veins — vv. tracheales

Esophageal veins — vv. oesophageales

Veins of the HEAD and Neck

Internal jugular vein — v. jugularis interna

Superior bulb of the internal jugular vein — bulbus superior venae jugularis

Inferior bulb of the internal jugular vein — bulbus inferior venae jugularis

Dural Venous Sinuses

Superior sagittal sinus — sinus sagittalis superior

Lateral lacunae — lacunae laterales

Inferior sagittal sinus — sinus sagittalis inferior

Straight sinus — sinus rectus

Transverse sinus — sinus transversus

Confluence of sinuses — confluens sinuum

Occipital sinus — sinus occipitalis

Sigmoid sinus — sinus sigmoideus

Cavernous sinus — sinus cavernosus

Intercavernous sinuses — sinus intercavernosi

Sphenoparietal sinus — sinus sphenoparietalis

Superior petrosal sinus — sinus petrosus superior

Inferior petrosal sinus — sinus petrosus inferior

Veins of the Orbit and Eyeball

Superior ophthalmic vein — v. ophtalmica superior

Nasofrontal vein — v. nasofrontalis

Central retinal vein — v. centralis retinae

Ciliary veins — vv. ciliares

Vortex veins — vv. vorticosae

Scleral veins — vv. sclerales

Episcleral veins — vv. episclerales

Lacrimal vein — v. lacrimalis

Palpebral veins — vv. palpebrales

Conjunctival veins — vv. conjunctivales

Ethmoidal veins — vv. ethmoidales

Supraorbital vein — v. supraorbitalis

Inferior ophthalmic vein — v. ophtalmica inferior

Veins of the internal ear

Labyrinthine veins — vv. labyrinthi

Vein of the vestibular aqueduct — v. aqueductus vestibuli

Veins of the cranial bones and dura mater

Diploic veins — vv. diploicae

Frontal diploic vein — v. diploica frontalis

Anterior temporal diploic vein — v. diploica temporalis anterior

Posterior temporal diploic vein — v. diploica temporalis posterior

Occipital diploic vein — v. diploica occipitalis

Meningeal veins — vv. meningeae

Middle meningeal vein — v. meningea media

Emissary veins — vv. emissariae

Parietal emissary vein — v. emissariaparietalis

Mastoid emissary vein — v. emissaria mastoidea

Condylar emissary vein — v. emissaria condularis

Occipital emissary vein — v. emissaria occipitalis

Basilar plexus — plexus basilaris

Internal carotid venous plexus — plexus venosus caroticus internus

Venous plexus of the foramen ovale — plexus venosus foraminis ovalis

Superficial cerebral veins — vv. superficiales cerebri

Superior cerebral veins — vv. cerebri superiores

Prefrontal veins — vv. prefrontales

Frontal veins — vv. frontales

Parietal veins — vv. parietales

Occipital veins — vv. occipitales

Inferior cerebral veins — vv. cerebri inferiores

Superficial middle cerebral vein — v. media superficialis cerebri

Deep cerebral veins — vv. profundae cerebri

Basal vein — v. basalis

Anterior cerebral veins — vv. anteriores cerebri

Deep middle cerebral vein — v. media profunda cerebri

Insular veins — vv. insulares

Inferior thalamostriate veins — vv. thalamostriatae inferiores

Vein of the olfactory gyrus — v. gyri olfactorii

Inferior ventricular vein — v. ventricularis inferior

Inferior choroidal vein — v. choroidea inferior

Peduncular veins — vv. pedunculares

Great cerebral vein — v. magna cerebri

Posterior vein of the corpus callosum — v. posterior corporis callosi

Dorsal vein of the corpus callosum — v. dorsalis corporis callosi

Internal cerebral veins — v. internae cerebri

Superior choroidal vein — v. choroidea superior

Posterior vein of the septum pellucidum — v. posterior septi pellucidi

Medial atrial vein of the lateral ventricle — v. medialis atrii ventriculi lateralis

Lateral atrial vein of the lateral ventricle — v. lateralis atrii ventriculi lateralis

Extracranial Tributaries of the internal jugular vein

Facial vein — v. facialis

Angular vein — v. angularis

Supraorbital vein — v. supraorbitalis

Superior palpebral veins — vv. palpebralis superiores

Inferior palpebral veins — vv. palpebralis inferiores

External nasal veins — vv. nasales externae

Superior labial vein — v. labialis superior

Inferior labial veins — vv. labialis inferiores

Palatine vein — v. palatina

Submental vein — v. submentalis

Parotid branches — rami parotidei

Deep facial vein — v. profunda faciei

Retromandibular vein — v. retromandibularis

Superficial temporal vein — v. temporalis superficialis

Middle temporal vein — v. temporalis media

Anterior auricular veins — vv. auriculares anteriores

Temporomandibular joint veins — vv. articularis temporomandibularis

Transverse facial vein — v. transversa faciei

Maxillary veins — vv. maxillares

Pterygoid plexus — plexus pterygoideus

Middle meningeal veins — vv. meningeae mediae

Deep temporal veins — vv. temporales profundae

Parotid veins — vv. parotideae

External Jugular Vein — v. jugularis externa

Posterior auricular vein — v. auricularis posterior

Suprascapular vein — v. suprascapularis

Anterior jugular vein — v. jugularis anterior

Jugular venous arch — arcus venosus juguli

Subclavian vein — v. subclavia

Pectoral veins — vv. pectorales

Dorsal scapular vein — v. scapularis dorsalis

Thoracoacromial vein — v. thoracoacromialis

Veins of the upper limb

Cephalic vein — v. cephalica

Basilic vein — v. basilica

Median cubital vein — v. mediana cubiti

Median antebrachial vein — v. mediana antebrchii

Dorsal venous network of the hand — rete venosum dorsale manus

Superficial venous palmar arch — arcus venosus palmaris superficialis

Palmar digital veins — vv. digitales palmares

Deep venous palmar arch — arcus venosus palmaris profundus

Palmar metacarpal veins — vv. metacarpalespalmares

Ulnar veins — vv. ulnares

Radial veins — vv. radiales

Brachial veins — vv. brachiales

Axillary vein — v. axillaris

Lateral thoracic vein — v. thoracica lateralis

Thoracoepigastric veins — vv. thoracoepigastricae

Inferior vena cava — v. cava inferior

Lumbar veins — vv. lumbales

Ascending lumbar vein — v. lumbalis ascendens

Inferior phrenic veins — vv. phrenicae inferiores

Testicular vein — v. testicularis

Ovarian vein — v. ovarica

Pampiniform plexus — plexus pampiniformis

Renal vein — v. renalis

Suprarenal vein — v. suprarenalis

Hepatic veins — vv. hepaticae

Portal vein — v. portae

Right gastric vein — v. gastrica dextra

Left gastric vein — v. gastrica sinistra

Prepyloric vein — v. prepylorica

Superior mesenteric vein — v. mesenterica superior

Jejunal and ileal veins — vv. jejunales et ileales

Pancreatic veins — vv. pancreaticae

Pancreaticoduodenal veins — vv. pancreaticoduodenales

Ileocolic vein — v. ileocolica

Right gastro-omental vein — v. gastroomentalis dextra

Right colic vein — v. colica dextra

Middle colic vein — v. colica media

Appendicular vein — v. appendicularis

Inferior mesenteric vein — v. mesenterica inferior

Superior rectal vein — v. rectalis superior

Sigmoid veins — vv. sigmoideae

Left colic vein — v. colica sinistra

Splenic vein — v. splenica

Veins of the pelvis

Common iliac vein — v. iliaca communis

Iliolumbar vein — v. iliolumbalis

Median sacral vein — v. sacralis mediana

Internal iliac vein — v. iliaca interna

Superior gluteal veins — vv. gluteales superiores

Inferior gluteal veins — vv. gluteales inferiores

Obturator veins — vv. obturatoriae

Lateral sacral veins — vv. sacrales laterales

Sacral venous plexus — plexus venosus sacralis

Iliolumbar vein — v. iliolumbalis

Prostatic venous plexus — plexus venosus prostaticus

Deep dorsal vein of the penis — v. dorsalis penis profunda

Deep veins of the penis — vv. profundae penis

Posterior scrotal veins — vv. scrotales posteriores

Vaginal venous plexus — plexus venosus vaginalis

Uterine venous plexus — plexus venosus uterinus

Vesical venous plexus — plexus venosus vesicalis

Rectal venous plexus — plexus venosus rectalis

Superior rectal vein — v. rectalis superior

Middle rectal veins — vv. rectales mediae

Inferior rectal veins — vv. rectales inferiores

External iliac vein — v. iliaca externa

Inferior epigastric vein — v. epigastrica inferior

Deep circumflex iliac vein — v. circumflexa iliaca profunda

Veins of the lower limb

Dorsal digital veins of the foot — vv. digitales dorsales pedis

Dorsal venous arch of the foot — arcus venosus dorsale pedis

Medial and lateral marginal veins — v. marginalis medialis et v. marginalis latearalis

Plantar venous network — rete venosum plantare

Great saphenous vein — v. saphena magna

External pudendal veins — vv. pudendae externae

Superficial circumflex iliac vein — v. circumflexa iliaca superficialis

Superficial epigastric vein — v. epigastrica superficialis

Superficial dorsal veins of the penis (clitoris) — vv. dorsales

superficiales penis (clitoridi))

Anterior scrotal (labial) veins — vv. scrotales (labiales) anteriores.

Small saphenous vein — v. saphena parva

Plantar digital veins — vv. digitales plantares

Plantar metatarsal veins — vv. metatarsales plantares

Plantar venous arch — arcus venosum plantaris

Lateral plantar veins — vv. plantares laterales

Medial plantar veins — vv. plantares mediales

Posterior tibial veins — vv. tibiales posteriores

Dorsal digital veins of the foot — vv. digitales dorsales pedis

Dorsal metatarsal veins of the foot — vv. metatarsales dorsales pedis

Dorsal venous arch of the foot — arcus venosus dorsale pedis

Posterior tibial veins — vv. tibiales posteriores

Fibular veins — vv. fibulares

Anterior tibial veins — vv. tibiales anteriores

Popliteal vein — v. poplitea

Femoral vein — v. femoralis

Deep femoral vein — v. profunda femoris

Perforating veins — vv. perforantes

Medial and lateral femoral circumflex veins — vv. circumflexae mediales et laterales femoralis