Human Anatomy - Kotsan I. Y. 2009

Urogenital Apparatus
Genitalia - External Female Genitalia
Fasciae of the Perineum

The following fascias are distinguished in the human Perineum: the superficial perineal fascia, the inferior and superior fascias of the pelvic Diaphragm, and the inferior and superior fascias of the urogenital diaphragm.

The superficial (subcutaneous) Fascia of the perineum (fascia superficialis perinei) is a direct continuation of the general subcutaneous fascia from adjacent areas. It covers the superficial transverse perineal, bulbospongiosus, and ischiocavernosus Muscles from below (externally), fusing with their own fascias. In males, the superficial perineal fascia continues anteriorly into the superficial fascia of the Penis. Laterally, it attaches to the ischial tuberosities.

The inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm (fascia diaphragmatis pelvis inferior) is located below the superficial perineal fascia in its posterior region. Posteriorly, this fascia fuses with the deep fascia of the gluteus maximus Muscle, effectively serving as its continuation. It then lines the ischioanal fossa and extends onto the external surface of the levator ani muscle. Passing onto the external surface of the external anal sphincter, the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm terminates in the adipose tissue surrounding the anus, while anteriorly it reaches the posterior border of the urogenital diaphragm, where it merges with its inferior and superior fascias.

The superior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm (fascia diaphragmatis pelvis superior) covers the levator ani muscle from above.

The inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm (fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis inferior) is situated between the superficial and deep muscles, covering the deep transverse perineal muscle and the urethral sphincter muscle from below.

The superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm (fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis superior) covers the deep transverse perineal muscle from above.

Laterally, the superior and inferior fascias of the urogenital diaphragm fuse with the periosteum of the inferior rami of the pubic and ischial bones. Fusing with each other below the Pubic Symphysis, both of these fascias form the transverse perineal ligament (lig. transversum perinei).

Ischioanal fossa. In the perineal region, lateral to the anal opening, between the rectum and the ischial tuberosities, There is a paired depression known as the ischioanal fossa (fossa ischiorectalis). It is prismatic in shape, filled with adipose tissue, and contains Blood Vessels and nerves. The adipose tissue surrounding the lower end of the rectum on all sides acts as a resilient, elastic cushion. Abscesses associated with anal fistulas frequently develop in this fossa.

The Blood supply to the perineum is provided by Branches of the internal pudendal artery, which gives rise to several major Arteries: the inferior rectal artery, the perineal artery, and the dorsal artery of the penis or Clitoris. Venous blood drains through corresponding Veins into the internal iliac vein. Lymphatic vessels of the perineum drain into the superficial inguinal Lymph Nodes.

The perineum is innervated by branches of the pudendal nerve and branches of the Coccygeal plexus.

Main Latin terms

Urogenital System — apparatus urogenitalis

Urinary Organs — organa urinaria

Kidney — ren

Anterior surface — facies anterior

Posterior surface — facies posterior

Superior extremity — extremitas superior

Inferior extremity — extremitas inferior

Medial margin — margo medialis

Lateral margin — margo lateralis

Renal hilum — hilum renalis

Renal sinus — sinus renalis

Fibrous capsule — capsula fibrosa

Adipose capsule — capsula adiposa

Pararenal fat body — corpus adiposum pararenale

Renal fascia — fascia renalis

Renal substance — substantia renalis

Renal cortex (cortical substance) — cortex renalis (substantia corticalis)

Renal medulla (medullary substance) — medulla renalis (substantia medullaris)

Renal columns — columnae renales

Radiate part — pars radiata

Convoluted part — pars convoluta

Renal pyramids — pyramides renales

Base of pyramid — basis pyramidis

Apex of pyramid — apex pyramidis

Renal papilla — papilla renalis

Cribriform area — area cribrosa

Papillary foramina — foramina papillaria

Minor renal calyx — calix renalis minor

Major renal calyx — calix renalis major

Renal pelvis — pelvis renalis

Superior segment — segmentum superius

Anterosuperior segment — segmentum anterius superius

Anteroinferior segment — segmentum anterius inferius

Inferior segment — segmentum inferius

Posterior segment — segmentum posterius

Renal lobes — lobi renales

Cortical lobules — lobuli corticales

Nephron — nephron

Renal corpuscle — corpusculum renale

Renal tubule — tubulus renalis

Glomerulus — glomerulus

Glomerular capsule — capsula glomerularis

Proximal part of the nephron tubule — pars proximalis tubuli nephroni

Nephron loop — ansa nephroni

Descending limb of the loop — pars descendens ansae

Ascending limb of the loop — pars ascendens ansae

Distal part of the nephron tubule — pars distalis tubuli nephroni

Collecting renal tubule — tubulus renalis colligens

Cortical nephrons — nephronum corticale

Juxtamedullary nephrons — nephronum juxtamedullare

Renal artery — arteria renalis

Anterior branch — ramus anterior

Posterior branch — ramus posterior

Interlobar arteries — arteriae interlobares

Arcuate arteries — arteriae arcuatae

Interlobular arteries — arteriae interlobulares

Afferent glomerular arteriole — arteriola glomerularis afferens

Efferent glomerular arteriole — arteriola glomerularis efferens

Miraculous net (rete mirabile) — rete mirabile

Interlobular veins — venae interlobulares

Arcuate veins — venae arcuatae

Interlobar veins — venae interlobares

Renal vein — vena renalis

Ureter — ureter

Abdominal part — pars abdominalis

Pelvic part — pars pelvica

Intramural part — pars intramuralis

Mucous membrane — tunica mucosa

Muscular coat — tunica muscularis

Adventitia — tunica adventitia

Urinary Bladder — vesica urinaria

Apex of bladder — apex vesicae

Body of bladder — corpus vesicae

Fundus of bladder — fundus vesicae

Neck of bladder — cervix vesicae

Internal urethral orifice — ostium urethrae internum

Median umbilical ligament — ligamentum umbilicale medianum

Puboprostatic ligament — ligamentum puboprostaticum

Pubovesical ligament — ligamentum pubovesicale

Pubovesical muscle — musculus pubovesicalis

Rectovesical muscle — musculus rectovesicalis

Mucous membrane — tunica mucosa

Trigone of bladder — trigonum vesicae

Interureteric fold — plica interureterica

Uvula of bladder — uvula vesicae

Submucosal layer — tela submucosa

Muscular coat — tunica muscularis

Detrusor muscle — musculus detrusor vesicae

Urethra — urethra

Male urethra — urethra masculina

Internal urethral orifice — ostium urethrae internum

External urethral orifice — ostium urethrae externum

Prostatic part — pars prostatica

Urethral crest — crista urethralis

Seminal colliculus — colliculus seminalis

Prostatic utricle — utriculus prostaticus

Prostatic sinus — sinus prostaticus

Membranous part — pars membranacea

Spongy part — pars spongiosa

Navicular fossa of urethra — fossa navicularis urethrae

Adventitial tunic — tunica adventitia

Muscular tunic — tunica muscularis

Submucosal layer — tela submucosa

Mucous tunic — tunica mucosa

Urethral lacunae — lacunae urethrales

Urethral glands — glandulae urethrales

Paraurethral duct (canal) — ductus (canalis) paraurethralis

Valve of the navicular fossa — valvula fossae navicularis

Female urethra — urethra feminina

Internal urethral orifice — ostium urethrae internum

External urethral orifice — ostium urethrae externum

Adventitial tunic — tunica adventitia

Muscular tunic — tunica muscularis

Urethral sphincter muscle — musculus sphincter uretrae

Mucous membrane — tunica mucosa

Urethral crest — crista urethralis

Urethral glands — glandulae urethrales

Urethral lacunae — lacunae urethrales

Paraurethral ducts — ductus paraurethrales

Genital organs — organa genitalia

Internal Male Genital organs — organa genitalia masculina interna

Testis — testis

Lateral surface — facies lateralis

Medial surface — facies medialis

Anterior margin — margo anterior

Posterior margin — margo posterior

Superior extremity — extremitas superior

Inferior extremity — extremitas inferior

Appendix of testis — appendix testis

Tunica albuginea — tunica albuginea

Parenchyma of testis — parenchyma testis

Septa of testis — septula testis

Mediastinum of testis — mediastinum testis

Lobules of testis — lobuli testis

Convoluted seminiferous tubules — tubuli seminiferi contorti

Straight seminiferous tubules — tubuli seminiferi recti

Rete testis — rete testis

Efferent ductules of testis — ductuli efferentes testis

Epididymis — epididymis

HEAD of epididymis — caput epididymidis

Body of epididymis — corpus epididymidis

Tail of epididymis — cauda epididymidis

Appendix of epididymis — appendix epididymidis

Lobules of epididymis — lobuli epididymidis

Duct of epididymis — ductus epididymidis

Aberrant ductules — ductuli aberrantes

Paradidymis — paradidymis

Ductus deferens — ductus deferens

Ampulla of ductus deferens — ampulla ductus deferentis

Diverticula of ampulla — diverticuli ampullae

Mucous membrane — tunica mucosa

Muscular coat — tunica muscularis

Adventitia — tunica adventitia

Seminal Vesicle — vesicula seminalis

Anterior surface — facies anterior

Posterior surface — facies posterior

Adventitia — tunica adventitia

Muscular coat — tunica muscularis

Mucous membrane — tunica mucosa

Excretory duct — ductus excretorius

Ejaculatory duct — ductus ejaculatorius

Prostate — prostata

Base of prostate — basis prostatae

Apex of prostate — apex prostatae

Anterior surface — facies anterior

Posterior surface — facies posterior

Inferolateral surface — facies inferolateralis

Puboprostatic ligaments — ligg. puboprostatica

Puboprostatic muscle — musculus puboprostaticus

Right lobe — lobus dexter

Left lobe — lobus sinister

Isthmus of prostate — isthmus prostatae

Middle lobe — lobus medius

Prostatic venous plexus — plexus venosus prostaticus

Prostatic capsule — capsula prostatica

Glandular substance — substantia glandularis

Muscular substance — substantia muscularis

Prostatic glands (lobules) — glandulae prostaticae

Prostatic ductules — ductuli prostatici

Bulbourethral gland — glandula bulbourethralis

Bulbourethral duct — ductus bulbourethralis

Spermatic Cord — funiculus spermaticus

Internal spermatic fascia — fascia spermatica interna

Cremaster muscle — musculus cremaster

Cremasteric fascia — fascia cremasterica

External spermatic fascia — fascia spermatica externa

External Male Genitalia — organa genitalia masculina externa

Penis — penis

ROOT of penis — radix penis

Body of the penis — corpus penis

Glans of the penis — glans penis

Corona of the glans — corona glandis

Neck of the glans — collum glandis

Dorsum of the penis — dorsum penis

Urethral surface — facies urethralis

Raphe of the penis — raphe penis

Foreskin (prepuce) of the penis — preputium penis

Preputial glands — glandulae preputiales

Frenulum of the prepuce — frenulum preputii

Cavernous body of the penis — corpus cavernosum penis

Crura of the penis — crura penis

Tunica albuginea of the cavernous bodies — tunica albuginea corporum cavernosum

Septum of the penis — septum penis

Spongy body of the penis — corpus spongiosum penis

Tunica albuginea of the spongy body — tunica albuginea corporis spondiosi

Bulb of the penis — bulbus penis

Helicine arteries — arteriae helicinae

Deep fascia of the penis — fascia penis profunda

Superficial fascia of the penis — fascia penis superficialis

Suspensory ligament of the penis — lig. suspensorium penis

Fundiform ligament of the penis — lig. fundiforme penis

Scrotum — scrotum

Septum of the scrotum — septum scroti

Dartos tunic — tunica dartos

External spermatic fascia — fascia spermatica externa

Cremasteric fascia — fascia cremasterica

Cremaster muscle — musculus cremaster

Internal spermatic fascia — fascia spermatica interna

Vaginal tunic of testis — tunica vaginalis testis

Gubernaculum of testis — gubernaculum testis

Internal Female Genitalia — organa genitalia feminina interna

Ovary — ovarium

Proper ligament of ovary — lig. ovarii proprium

Suspensory ligament of ovary — lig. suspensorium ovarii

Mesovarium — mesovarium

Tubal extremity — extremitas tubaria

Uterine extremity — extremitas uterina

Lateral surface — facies lateralis

Medial surface — facies medialis

Mesovarian border — margo mesovaricus

Free border — margo liber

Hilum of ovary — hilum ovarii

Tunica albuginea — tunica albuginea

Stroma of ovary — stroma ovarii

Medulla of ovary — medulla ovarii

Cortex of ovary — cortex ovarii

Primary ovarian follicles — folliculi ovarici primarii

Vesicular ovarian follicles — folliculi ovarici vesiculosi

Atretic body — corpus atreticum

Ovarian follicle theca — theca folliculi

Granular layer — stratum granulosum

Cumulus oophorus — cumulus oophorus

Ovum (oocyte) — ovocytus

Follicular fluid — liquor follicularis

Zona pellucida — zona pellucida

Corona radiata — corona radiata

Corpus luteum — corpus luteum

Cyclic (menstrual) corpus luteum — corpus luteum ciclicum (menstruationis)

Corpus albicans — corpus albicans

Corpus luteum of Pregnancy — corpus luteum graviditatis

Epoophoron — epoophoron

Longitudinal duct of epoophoron — ductus epoophori longitudinalis

Transverse tubules — ductuli transversi

Paroophoron — paroophoron

Vesicular Appendices — appendices vesiculosae

Uterine tube — tuba uterina

Uterine part — pars uterina

Isthmus of uterine tube — isthmus tubae uterinae

Ampulla of uterine tube — ampulla tubae uterinae

Infundibulum of uterine tube — infundibulum tubae uterinae

Fimbriae of uterine tube — fimbriae tubae

Ovarian fimbria — fimbria ovarica

Uterine ostium of tube — ostium uterinum tubae

Abdominal ostium of uterine tube — ostium abdominale tubae uterinae

Serous membrane — tunica serosa

Subserous layer — tela subserosa

Muscular coat — tunica muscularis

Mucous membrane — tunica mucosa

Tubal folds — plicae tubariae

Uterus — uterus

Fundus of uterus — fundus uteri

Body of uterus — corpus uteri

Cervix of uterus — cervix uteri

Isthmus of uterus — isthmus uteri

Vaginal part of cervix — portio vaginalis cervicis

Supravaginal part of cervix — portio supravaginalis cervicis

Vesical surface — facies vesicalis

Intestinal surface — facies intestinalis

Right margin of uterus — margo uteri dexter

Left margin of uterus — margo uteri sinister

Uterine cavity — cavitas uteri

Right and left horns of uterus — cornu uteri dextrum et cornu uteri sinistrum

Cervical canal — canalis cervicis uteri

Orifice of uterus — ostium uteri

Anterior lip — labium anterius

Posterior lip — labium posterius

Mucous membrane (endometrium) — tunica mucosa (endometrium)

Palmate folds — plicae palmatae

Uterine glands — glandulae uterinae

Muscular coat (myometrium) — tunica muscularis (myometrium)

Subserous layer — tela subserosa

Serous coat (perimetrium) — tunica serosa (perimetrium)

Vesicouterine pouch — excavatio vesicouterina

Rectouterine pouch — excavatio rectouterina

Rectouterine muscle — musculus rectouterinus

Broad ligament of uterus — lig. latum uteri

Mesometrium — mesometrium

Round ligament of uterus — lig. teres uteri

Vagina — vagina

Vaginal fornix — fornix vaginae

Anterior part — pars anterior

Posterior part — pars posterior

Lateral part — pars lateralis

Vaginal orifice — ostium vaginae

Hymen — hymen

Hymenal caruncles — carunculae hymenales

Anterior wall — paries anterior

Posterior wall — paries posterior

Adventitial coat — tunica adventitia

Muscular coat — tunica muscularis

Mucous membrane — tunica mucosa

Vaginal rugae — rugae vaginales

Anterior Column of rugae — collumna rugarum anterior

Posterior column of rugae — collumna rugarum posterior

Urethral carina of vagina — carina urethralis vaginae

External female genitalia — organa genitalia feminina externa

Female pudendum — pudendum femininum

Pubic mound (mons pubis) — mons pubis

Labia Majora — labia majora pudendi

Pudendal cleft — rima pudendi

Anterior labial commissure — commisura labiorum anterior

Posterior labial commissure — commisura labiorum posterior

Labia minora — labia minora pudendi

Frenulum of labia — frenulum labiorum pudendi

Vestibule of vagina — vestibulum vaginae

Fossa of vestibule of vagina — fossa vestibuli vaginae

Greater vestibular gland — glandula vestibularis major

Lesser vestibular glands — glandulae vestibulares minores

Bulb of vestibule — bulbus vestibuli

Clitoris — clitoris

Corpus cavernosum of clitoris — corpus cavernosum clitoridis

Crus of clitoris — crus clitoridis

Body of clitoris — corpus clitoridis

Glans of clitoris — glans clitoridis

Prepuce of clitoris — preputium clitoridis

Frenulum of clitoris — frenulum clitoridis

Fascia of clitoris — fascia clitoridis

Suspensory ligament of clitoris — ligamentum suspensorium clitoridis

Perineum — perineum

Urogenital diaphragm — diaphragma urogenitale

Superficial transverse perineal muscle — musculus transversus perinei superficialis

Ischiocavernosus muscle — musculus ischiocavernosus

Bulbospongiosus muscle — musculus bulbospongiosus

Deep transverse perineal muscle — musculus transversus perinei profundus

Sphincter urethrae muscle — musculus sphincter urethrae

Pelvic diaphragm — diaphragma pelvis

External anal sphincter muscle — musculus sphincter ani externus

Subcutaneous part — pars subcutanea

Superficial part — pars superficialis

Deep part — pars profunda

Levator ani muscle — musculus levator ani

Tendinous arch of the levator ani muscle — arcus tendineus musculi levatoris ani

Anococcygeal ligament — ligamentum anococcygeum

Coccygeus muscle — musculus coccygeus Perineal fasciae

Superficial perineal fascia — fascia superficialis perinei

Inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm — fascia diaphragmatis pelvis inferior

Superior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm — fascia diaphragmatis pelvis superior

Inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm — fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis inferior

Superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm — fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis superior

Ischioanal fossa — fossa ischiorectalis