PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY - 2013

Section VI. TESTS FOR FINAL KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT

1. The presence in a representative of the Polygonaceae family of a serpentiformly curved, thickened, scar-covered rhizome that is reddish-brown On the surface and pink on the fracture suggests that this plant is

а) Fagopyrum sagittatum

б) Rheum tanguticum

в) Rumex confertus

г) Polygonum bistorta

2. A common diagnostic feature of the flowers of the Rosaceae subfamily Pomoideae is the presence of an overgrown Structure from which the fruit is formed, namely the

а) stigma

б) epicalyx

в) hypanthium

г) pedicel

д) corolla

3. To collect Thymus vulgaris herb, a student went to a coniferous forest. His search was in vain because this plant

а) grows only in dry meadows

б) grows only in broad-leaved forests

в) typically grows along roadsides

г) grows only in flood-plain meadows

д) does not grow wild, it is only cultivated

4. In autumn, during the harvesting of Althaea officinalis roots, some well-developed specimens were left behind in order to

а) preserve and regenerate the thickets

б) dig up the roots in winter

в) enrich the soil with starch

г) accumulate more nutrients

д) enrich the soil with nitrogen from nodule Bacteria

5. A constituent component of pectoral and diaphoretic teas is the leaves. They are large, cordate, unevenly sinuate, dark green above, and white and tomentose-pubescent beneath. These are the leaves of a rhizomatous plant with early-flowering capitula, namely —

а) Нyреricum perforatum

б) Роtentiїїa erecta

в) Реtroseїinum crispum

г) Düssilago farfara

д) Datura straтопіит

6. The collected plant has a specific odor, a simple bulb, basal succulent, fistular leaves, and a floral

scape with a simple umbel enclosed in a membranous spathe. Based on these features, the collected plant is

а) АІІіит сера

б) АІІіит sativuт

в) СопхаІІагіа majalis

г) Аgropyron repens

д) Асогш calamus

7. Capsule fruits are characteristic of species belonging to the families

а) Роасеае, Polygonaceae

б) Brassicaceae, Rhamnaceae

в) Fagaceae, Apiaceae

г) Fabaceae, Lamiaceae

д) Scrophulariaceae, Papaveraceae

8. If a spicy-aromatic, glandular-pubescent plant has a quadrangular stem, a spicate inflorescence composed of verticillasters (false whorls), flowers with a bilabiate corolla, and a cenobium of four nutlets, then it most likely belongs to the family

а) Solanaceae

б) Lamiaceae

в) Fabaceae

г) Brassicaceae

д) Apiaceae

9. A plant with features typical of Water/241.html">The Nightshade family has underground stolons with tubers, glandular-hairy aerial Organs, and unevenly interrupted-pinnatifid leaves. Its inflorescence is a double cyme, the rotate corolla is pinkish-mauve or white, and the fruit is a spherical, green, poisonous berry. These characteristics are inherent in...

a) Capsicum annuum

б) Solanum dulcamara

в) Solanum tuberosum

г) Datura stramonium

д) Hyoscyamus niger

10. To determine the family to which a species belongs, the following features were taken into account: the underground organ is a ROOT crop; the stems are ribbed-furrowed and hollow; the leaves are multiply pinnately dissected with a sheathing petiole; the inflorescence is a compound umbel; and the fruit is an aromatic schizocarp (mericarp) with essential oil

canals in the pericarp. Therefore, the plant belongs to the family

а) Fabaceae

б) Apiaceae

в) Asteraceae

г) Rosaceae

д) Scrophulariaceae

11. Flowers with a cruciform calyx and corolla correspond in structure to the formula Ca₂+₂Co₄A2+₄G(2) and form silique fruits, which are characteristic of the family

а) Solanaceae

б) Rosaceae

в) Asteraceae

г) Brassicaceae

д) Apiaceae

12. The plant has alternate, petiolate, pinnately compound leaves with stipules; papilionaceous flowers gathered in a raceme inflorescence; and a legume fruit. All these features indicate that the species belongs to

а) Lamiaceae

б) Solanaceae

в) Brassicaceae

г) Apiaceae

д) Fabaceae

13. Found throughout Ukraine, this herbaceous annual plant of the Polygonaceae family features weak, prostrate stems, simple elliptic leaves with short petioles, and transparent, pointed ochreae. The flowers are small, whitish-green, arranged in clusters of 2-5 in the leaf axils. These are the distinctive features of...

a) Polygonum hydropiper

b) Polygonum aviculare

c) Polygonum persicaria d) Polygonum bistorta

e) Rumex acetosa

14. Among the medicinal plants of the heather family (Ericaceae), a species is examined whose leaves are short-petioled, linear, with downward-rolled margins, leathery and brownish-green above, and reddish-tomentose beneath due to pubescence. These characteristics are typical of

a) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

b) Ledum palustre

c) Vaccinium vitis-idaea d) Vaccinium oxycoccus e) Vaccinium myrtillus

15. In a medicinal plant of the Ericaceae family, the leaves are short-petioled, leathery, elliptic, with an emarginate apex, downward-rolled margins, and dark glandular dots on the lower leaf surface. These features are characteristic of...

a) Vaccinium oxycoccus

b) Vaccinium myrtillus

c) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi d) Vaccinium vitis-idaea e) Ledum palustre

16. Convallaria majalis is characterized by bell-shaped, fragrant flowers:

a) pinkish-white, the fruit is a red coenocarpic drupe

b) pink, the fruit is a blue drupe

c) greenish-white, the fruit is a black berry

d) yellow, the fruit is a red drupe

e) white, the fruit is a red berry

17. A distinctive feature of the leaves in Polygonaceae representatives is the presence of...

a) a leaf sheath

b) a phyllode

c) tendrils

d) an ochrea

e) a spine

18. A marsh plant with sword-shaped leaves has thick, lightweight, fragrant rhizomes that are pink when broken, featuring well-defined, closely spaced leaf scars and adventitious roots. These underground organs belong to

a) Ledum palustre

б) Acorus calamus

в) Bidens tripartita

r) Valeriana officinalis д) Sanguisorba officinalis

19. A monocotyledonous plant with an umbellate inflorescence forms aerial bulbils at the Base of the flower pedicels, which ensure vegetative propagation. This trait is characteristic of

а) Convallaria majalis - Convallaria majalis

б) Agropyron repens - Agropyron repens

в) garlic - Allium sativum

г) sweet flag - Acorus calamus

д) cultivated oat - Avena sativa

20. A monoecious tree that bears acorns and has tannin-rich bark belongs to the family

а) Caprifoliaceae

б) Fagaceae

в) Betulaceae

г) Rhamnaceae

д) Rosaceae

21. A plant characterized by a fibrous root system, a culm stem, linear alternate leaves with a sheath, a spike inflorescence, and a caryopsis fruit belongs to the family...

а) Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

б) Fabaceae (Papilionaceae)

в) Poaceae (Gramineae)

г) Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

д) Asteraceae (Compositae)

22. It has been found that a common feature of the given monocotyledonous plants is that their leaves are simple, entire,

а) occasionally sheathing, with pinnate or palmate venation

b) always without sheaths, veined only palmate

c) always petiolate, veined only arcuate

d) mostly sheathing, with arcuate or parallel venation

e) always sessile, veined only pinnate

23. The antiseptic and astringent effects of leaves harvested from a cultivated plant of the Lamiaceae family have been established. The leaves are petiolate, elongated, rugose, densely pubescent, with finely crenate margins, sometimes with free lobes at the base of the leaf blade. This plant is

a) Melissa officinalis

b) Thymus vulgaris

c) Orthosiphon stamineus r) Salvia officinalis

e) Mentha piperita

24. Extremely elongated styles with stigmas are used as a cholagogue, diuretic, and hemostatic agent. They are harvested from the cobs of the cereal -

a) Avena sativa

b) Secale cereale

c) Oryza sativa

r) Triticum aestivum d) Zea mays

25. The tree has alternate, petiolate, pinnately compound leaves with stipules; racemes of papilionaceous flowers, and seeds with large storage cotyledons. All these features indicate that the species belongs to the family ...

a) Betulaceae

b) Fagaceae

c) Fabaceae

g) Rhamnaceae

d) Rosaceae

26. When comparing Representatives of the Fabaceae family, it was established that in most of them the flowers form a monopodial inflorescence

a) raceme

b) HEAD

c) corymb

g) umbel

d) cincinnus

27. Secretory structures found in dissected flowers of Brassicaceae are

a) lenticels

b) hydathodes

c) Stomata

d) prickles

e) nectaries

28. The fruit collection contains dry pseudomonocarps with various adaptations for dispersal. They belong to representatives of the family

a) Solanaceae

b) Asteraceae

c) Cucurbitaceae

d) Brassicaceae

e) Polygonaceae

29. When harvesting bright orange capitula of a plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, white milky sap oozes from the broken hollow stems. This is characteristic of

a) Valeriana officinalis

b) Melissa officinalis

c) Urtica dioica

r) Chelidonium majus д) Taraxacum officinale

30. From the cynarhodium — a complex accessory fruit of the rose (dog rose) — achenes were extracted, embedded in the juicy part formed from the

a) receptacle

b) Ovary walls

c) calyx

d) epicalyx

e) perianth

31. Based on morphological features, it has been established that the Guelder rose (viburnum) belongs to the family ...

a) Rhamnaceae

b) Fagaceae

c) Betulaceae

d) Viburnaceae

e) Rosaceae

32. A bilabiate corolla is characteristic of representatives of the families Lamiaceae and

a) Rosaceae

b) Solanaceae

c) Scrophulariaceae

d) Brassicaceae

e) Apiaceae

33. A herbaceous plant of the family Malvaceae, used as an expectorant and demulcent agent, has large 3- to 5-palmatilobate leaves and pink flowers in terminal racemes; the fruit is a schizocarp (a cheese-mould fruit). Therefore, this is

a) Potentilla erecta

b) Tussilago farfara

c) Fragaria vesca

d) Althaea officinalis e) Thymus serpyllum

34. In the studied cylindrical, brown, glossy cones, the seed scales are sinuate-dentate along the margin, and the cover scales do not exceed the seed scales. This is characteristic of the cones of

a) Scots pine

b) Siberian fir

c) Siberian larch

d) Norway spruce

35. The fruits of Sambucus nigra are round, 5-6 mm in diameter,...

a) black-violet berry-like drupes with 3-4 pyrenes

b) red berries

c) purple single-seeded drupes

g) orange polydrupes

d) blue drupaceous apples with 5 pyrenes

36. A perennial herbaceous plant of the Ranunculaceae family contains toxic cardiac Glycosides and features finely dissected leaves and large, terminal, regular

flowers with a convex, hemispherical receptacle bearing spirally arranged 5 sepals, numerous bright yellow shiny petals, stamens, and pistils. These characteristics indicate that the species belongs to the genus

a) Adonis

b) Aconitum

c) Helleborus

d) Ranunculus

e) Delphinium

37. A higher plant lacking roots and vascular tissue exhibits a pronounced Morphology/12.html">ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS, with a dominant sexual generation (gametophyte) and a reduced asexual generation (sporophyte). This indicates that the plant belongs to the division

a) gymnosperms

b) ferns

c) bryophytes

d) clubmosses

e) horsetails

38. Among the studied plants, one was found to possess laticifers with orange latex throughout all its organs. This is

a) Adonis vernalis

b) Chelidonium majus

c) Taraxacum officinale r) Leonurus cardiaca

e) Melissa officinalis

39. Capsella bursa-pastoris is characterized by pinnate basal leaves,...

a) membranous, fruits are winged Heart-shaped silicles

b) compound, fruits are jointed siliques

c) entire, fruits are cylindrical siliques

d) lobed, fruits are globose silicles

d) dissected or divided, fruits are triangular-heart-shaped silicles

40. A plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, used to boost Immunity, features large, solitary, terminal capitula; ray florets are elongated, purple, or dark red. This is

a) Taraxacum officinale

б) Echinacea purpurea

в) Achillea millefolium r) Chamomilla recutita д) Artemisia absinthium

41. In birch, the staminate and pistillate compound inflorescences—thyrses—have a drooping main axis bearing dichasia of unisexual flowers. Therefore, the birch thyrses resemble...

а) китиці

б) сережки

в) волоті

г) колоска

д) султана

42. The belonging of the studied plants to the same family was confirmed by characteristic fruit features: they split into 2 mericarps, have longitudinal Ribs with vascular bundles and valleculae containing essential oil tubes. Therefore, these plants belong to the family...

а) Lamiaceae

б) Solanaceae

в) Apiaceae

г) Fabaceae

д) Scrophulariaceae

43. From the herbarium specimens, the student selected a representative of the Brassicaceae family, namely:

а) Erysimum canescens

б) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

в) Urtica dioica

r) Polygonum aviculare д) Chelidonium majus

44. In the plant being identified, the leaves are compound, the flower is papilionaceous, and the fruit is a legume. Therefore, it belongs to the family ...

а) Asteraceae

б) Fabaceae

c) Scrophulariaceae

d) Lamiaceae

e) Brassicaceae

45. A herbaceous plant of the Fabaceae family with sweet-tasting underground organs is being identified. These consist of a thickened rhizome, deep-growing roots, and a network of stolons. The leaves are odd-pinnate, featuring 5 or 7 pairs of ovate, glandular-pubescent leaflets. This plant is:

a) Melilotus officinalis

b) Robinia pseudoacacia

c) Ononis arvensis

d) Glycyrrhiza glabra

e) Astragalus dasyanthus

46. In a representative of the Labiatae family, the schizocarpic fruit splits upon maturation into 4 single-seeded indehiscent nutlets (eremata); thus, the fruit is a:

a) drupelet

b) coenobium

c) schizocarp

d) regma

e) etaerio of drupes

47. The deciduous forest is dominated by monoecious tall trees covered in thick, dark gray bark with deep fissures. The leaves are short-petioled and pinnately lobed. The fruit is an acorn with a cupule at the apex. Thus, the dominant species in the forest is

a) Robinia pseudoacacia.

b) Aesculus hippocastanum

c) Quercus robur d) Tilia cordata

e) Betula verrucosa

48. The fruit of Betula verrucosa develops from a coenocarpous gynoecium, yet it is unilocular and contains a single seed, The coat of which is not fused to the lignified pericarp. Therefore, this is a pseudomonocarpous fruit known as

a) nut

b) acorn

c) nutlet

d) caryopsis

d) pseudomonocarpous drupe

49. Trees of the Hippocastanaceae family have opposite, palmately compound leaves without stipules. The flowers are arranged in erect, pyramidal thyrses. The fruit is a prickly, spherical capsule containing a single seed. These characteristics indicate that the plant belongs to the genus

a) Rhamnus

b) Aesculus

c) Quercus

d) Betula

e) Alnus

50. For the purpose of vegetative propagation of Allium cepa, the following were used

a) cuttings

b) rhizomes

c) tubers

d) corms

e) bulbs

51. The leaves of the plant have a membranous ocrea that wraps around the base of the internode. The presence of such a modification of stipules indicates that the species belongs to the family

a) Poaceae

b) Solanaceae

c) Rosaceae

d) Polygonaceae

e) Fabaceae

52. A honey-producing cultivated plant of the Polygonaceae family is characterized by: a reddish stem, heart-shaped-sagittate leaves, and a fruit that is a three-sided nut rich in Vitamins and nutrients. This plant is

a) Rumex confertus

b) Persicaria hydropiper

c) Polygonum aviculare

d) Bistorta officinalis

e) Fagopyrum esculentum

53. A comparison of members of the Brassicaceae family showed that their flowers are mostly arranged in an inflorescence of

a) corymb, umbel

b) raceme, panicle

c) head, catkin

d) spadix, spike

e) compound umbel, compound corymb

54. When determining the fruit type of Hypericum perforatum, it was taken into account that the fruit is coenocarpic, dry, dehisces by Valves, and contains numerous seeds.

Thus, the fruit of Hypericum perforatum is a

a) follicle

b) polyfollicle

c) coenobium

d) polyachene

e) capsule

55. The flowers of Convallaria majalis have six white tepals fused into a globose-campanulate perianth. Such a perianth is

a) simple calyx-like

b) simple corolla-like

c) double

d) double with a corolla-like calyx

e) double with a calyx-like corolla

56. The fruit under consideration is a globose capsule with spines. It dehisces by three valves and contains

a single large, dark brown, glossy seed with a light matte spot. Such a capsule is characteristic of

a) Aesculus hippocastanum

b) Papaver somniferum

c) Datura stramonium r) Plantago major

d) Hypericum perforatum

57. The examined leaves of the field horsetail, which form ...

a) ochrea

b) thorns

c) leaf sheath

d) cladodes

e) 58. Every autumn, a deciduous habit is observed in a gymnosperm tree with clusters of soft needles on shortened wart-like shoots.

This is characteristic of the genus

a) pine - Pinus

b) fir - Abies

c) spruce - Picea

d) larch - Larix

e) cedar - Cedrus

59. In autumn, heavily overgrown modified terminal buds of cabbage with large, juicy, pale green and white leaves were harvested from the garden, meaning they harvested

a) tubers

b) heads

c) cabbages

d) bulbs

e) corms

60. An auxiliary species-diagnostic feature of a representative of Polygonaceae was the sharp, peppery taste of the leaves with dotted glands. This species is -

a) Polygonum aviculare

b) Fagopyrum sagittatum

c) Rumex confertus

d) Polygonum hydropiper

e) Rheum tanguticum

61. Studies of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) showed that female flowers are located in the leaf and thorn axils on some specimens, while male flowers are gathered into spikelike racemes on others, meaning the plant is

a) monoecious

b) dioecious

c) polygamous

d) unisexual

e) bisexual

62. The plant bears female cones, on the seed scales of which seeds lie exposed and unprotected, which is generally characteristic of...

a) ferns

b) gymnosperms

c) angiosperms

d) clubmosses

e) horsetails

63. A diaphoretic infusion was prepared using monochasial cymes with fragrant flowers and an elongated, leathery, pale yellowish bract that is fused by its lower half along the midrib to the inflorescence axis. Therefore, the infused inflorescences belong to

a) Guelder rose (Viburnum opulus)

b) black locust

c) small-leaved lime

d) bird cherry

e) peppermint

64. Among the representatives of the subfamily Prunoideae within the family Rosaceae, there is one that has a dry, densely pubescent drupe rather than a succulent one. This is -

a) blackthorn

b) common almond

c) bird cherry

d) common apricot

e) common peach

65. Regular broadly tubular flowers were extracted from a dissected flower head of Artemisia absinthium. They are...

a) unisexual, with a five-lobed limb

b) bisexual, with a trilobed limb

c) bisexual, with a pentalobed limb

d) unisexual, with a pentapartite limb

e) sterile, with 5 unequal Teeth

66. To harvest summer shoots of a common hygrophyte — field horsetail (Class="lat">Equisetum arvense) — a student went

a) to an upland meadow

b) to the mountains

c) to a coniferous forest

d) to a riverbank

e) to a deciduous forest

67. To identify general morphogenetic features and individual species characteristics of fruits, it was suggested to compare the drupes of Prunus spinosa and...

a) Rhamnus cathartica

b) Oxycoccus palustris

c) Amygdalus communis

d) Rubus idaeus

e) Fragaria vesca

68. The collection of succulent fruits also included the multiple fruits (syconia and soroses) of fig, pineapple, and mulberry, formed by

a) components of a single flower

b) an apocarpous gynoecium only

c) a coenocarpous gynoecium only

d) the hypanthium of a single flower

e) components of a dense inflorescence

69. Seeds with small cotyledons and well-developed endosperm were found in species of the genera grapevine, rye, dill, and ...

a) peanut

b) pumpkin

c) maize

d) common bean

e) sunflower

70. Observations of the inflorescence development in Althaea officinalis have helped determine The Nature of the bracts, The sequence of flower arrangement and anthesis, as well as the degree and type of branching. Based on these characteristics, the inflorescence is classified as frondose, simple, and indeterminate

a) monopodial - raceme

b) monopodial - umbel

c) monopodial - corymbose raceme

d) sympodial - cyme (bostryx)

e) sympodial - cyme (cincinnus)

71. Among the ornamental urban plantings, honey-producing trees stand out,

- Tilia cordata and a member of the Fabaceae family featuring drooping racemes of fragrant white flowers and pinnately compound leaves with thorns derived from modified stipules. This is -

a) Armeniaca vulgaris

b) Robinia pseudoacacia

c) Aesculus hippocastanum

d) Aronia melanocarpa

e) Quercus robur

72. In various organs of certain medicinal plants, idioblasts containing mucilage have been identified, which provide demulcent and emollient effects. Such plants include: Tussilago farfara, Althaea officinalis, Linum usitatissimum, Plantago psyllium, and

a) Solanum tuberosum

b) Vaccinium myrtillus

c) Thymus vulgaris d) Linaria vulgaris e) Plantago major

73. Studies of the inflorescences of sweet flag (Acorus), calla, arum, and other members of the Araceae family have shown that small, sessile flowers are densely arranged on a thickened, fleshy axis enclosed by a common spathe. All these features are characteristic of the inflorescence known as

a) capitulum (head)

b) head

c) spadix

d) corymb

e) spike

74. The black, spherical, shiny, succulent fruits known as pyrenaria, containing 3-4 pits without a beak, are recommended as a laxative. They are harvested from a thorny wild shrub known as:

a) Crataegus sanguinea

b) Juniperus communis

c) Rhamnus cathartica d) Aronia melanocarpa e) Prunus spinosa

75. The fruit of Datura stramonium is examined, which is a...

a) spiny capsule

b) drupe with hairs

c) capsule with hairs

d) cyathium with spines

e) coenobium with hairs

76. The basal leaves of Petroselinum crispum are used as a spice, which are situated

a) rosette

b) alternate

c) opposite

d) decussate

e) whorled

77. Flowering shoots were used to stop bleeding; their components include

compound corymbs of heads and pinnate leaves, twice-dissected into small, lanceolate segments. These features are characteristic of

a) Melilotus officinalis

b) Achillea millefolium

c) Potentilla erecta

d) Phaseolus vulgaris

e) Taraxacum officinale

78. Observations on The Development of thorns in Crataegus sanguinea have shown that they are...

a) SHOOT-derived, axillary

б) shoot-derived, terminal

в) foliar, terminal

г) foliar, lateral

д) stipular, axillary

79. Pyrus communis fruit was distinguished from Malus domestica fruit due to the presence of hard clusters of stone Cells in the pulp and by the characteristic fruit shape...

a) spherical

б) almond-shaped

в) mushroom-shaped

г) pear-shaped

д) sickle-shaped

80. From the capitula of Centaurea cyanus, central regular, bisexual, narrow-tubular purple florets were extracted, along with marginal blue florets which are irregular

a) pistillate, false-ligulate

б) bisexual, funnel-shaped

в) neuter, ligulate

г) bisexual, false-ligulate

д) neuter, funnel-shaped

81. In spring, numerous eyes—buds located in the axils of superciliary ridges—sprouted on tubers of Solanum tuberosum, which represent

a) scarious scales

б) succulent scales

в) leaf scars

г) internodes.

82. Having been assigned to collect flowers with a bilabiate corolla bearing a spur, the student gathered flowers of

a) Linaria vulgaris

б) Ononis arvensis

c) Thymus vulgaris d) Hyoscyamus niger

e) Digitalis lanata

83. An Analysis of the androecium in tubular flowers of Asteraceae (Compositae) revealed a characteristic feature common to the entire family: the filaments of the five stamens are fused to the corolla tube, and the linear anthers are

a) fused into a Column

b) connate into a tube

c) free

d) appendaged

e) valvate

84. A cross-section of the galbulus (berry-like cone) of Juniperus communis reveals three locules containing seeds, which indicates the fusion of three...

a) microspores

b) bract scales

c) ovuliferous scales

d) microsporophylls

e) microsporangia

85. The student easily distinguished the inflorescence of Digitalis lanata from those of other medicinal species of the genus Digitalis, noting that the raceme is pyramidal, multi-flowered, and dense; in it,

a) the components are glabrous

b) all components are densely and evenly pubescent

c) only the main axis is sparsely pubescent

d) only the bracts bear tufts of hairs

e) only the flowers are pubescent

86. To obtain camphor and camphor oil, wood and shoots were processed from ...

a) Ephedra distachya

b) Artemisia absinthium

c) Crataegus sanquinea d) Abies sibirica

e) Ledum palustre

87. To prepare a choleretic herbal tea, inflorescences were used in the form of dense compound corymbs of small capitula with a lemon-yellow imbricate involucre and yellow tubular flowers. These inflorescences belong to ...

a) Crataegus sanquinea

б) Achillea millefolium

в) Helichrysum arenarium

г) Ledum palustre

д) Hypericum perforatum

88. Among the CHARACTERISTICS OF THE simple rosette leaves of Plantago major, the following are noted: they are long-petiolate, sheathed, and entire-margined

а) broadly ovate or elliptic, with 3–7 arcuate Veins protruding from the underside of the blade

б) palmatilobed, with 3–7 arcuate veins not protruding from the underside of the blade

в) oblong-oval, with 4 pairs of straight veins not protruding from the underside of the blade

г) narrowly lanceolate, with 5–7 palmately arranged veins not protruding from the underside

89. During the identification of Chamomilla recutita inflorescences, the main diagnostic Features of the common receptacle of the capitula were determined as: ...

a) hemispherical, hollow, pubescent

b) spherical, hollow, glabrous

c) conical, solid, glandular

d) conical, hollow, pubescent

e) conical or hemispherical, hollow, glabrous

90. Identify the monoecious tree with white bark. The leaves and twigs are covered in resinous glands; the inflorescences are catkins: male catkins are long and loose, female catkins are short and dense; the fruits are small winged nutlets. These characteristics allow the plant to be classified under the genus ...

a) Quercus

b) Rhamnus

c) Frangula

d) Betula

e) Viburnum

91. The analyzed evergreen herbaceous plant with phylloids possesses terminal spore-bearing spikes and lacks seeds. This is characteristic of representatives of the class...

a) Ginkgopsida

b) Conifers

c) Lycophytes

d) Horsetails

e) Bryopsida (leafy mosses)

92. The coenocarpic fruits of the genus Brassica are dry, elongated, and divided longitudinally by a membranous

septum with seeds attached on both sides; they dehisce from the bottom up along two lateral sutures into two valves. This structure is characteristic of...

a) a silique

b) a follicle

c) a double follicle

d) a capsule

e) a legume

93. Among the plants listed, identify the source of the antispasmodic and antiseptic alkaloid atropine.

Where...

a) Acorus calamus

b) Atropa belladonna

c) Arctium lappa

r) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

d) Aronia melanocarpa

94. It has been established that based on morphogenetic characteristics, the fruit of Rosa canina is a false, fleshy, aggregate fruit — ...

a) cynarrhodium

b) etaerio of drupes

c) berry

d) hip (fragaria-type)

e) etaerio of achenes

95. In a representative of the Poaceae family, the elementary inflorescences analyzed are spikelets, which are gathered into a compound...

a) spike

b) umbel

c) spikelet

d) dichasium

e) capitulum (head)

96. The thioglycoside sinigrin, which in the Presence of water and Enzymes converts into a volatile mustard oil with irritant and anti-inflammatory properties, is isolated from the seeds of plants belonging to the genus

a) Papaver

b) Prunus

c) Foeniculum

d) Apium

e) Sinapis

97. The seeds of many species of the subfamily Prunoideae (family Rosaceae) contain toxic hydrocyanic acid, which is produced during the Hydrolysis of the non-toxic substance ...

a) amygdalin

b) starch

c) protein d) pectin e) Lignin

98. An alkaloid-bearing plant was identified based on the following characteristics: annual, basal leaves in a rosette, cauline leaves alternate, amplexicaul, doubly serrate, glaucous-green; two sepals fall off immediately; 5 free petals with a spot at the base; stigma sessile, persistent on the fruit (a capsule) which opens by pores. This plant belongs to the family ...

a) Plantaginaceae

b) Solanaceae

c) Scrophulariaceae d) Papaveraceae

e) Brassicaceae

99. The pinnately dissected fern leaves, on the underside of which are brown clusters of numerous sporangia, are called ...

a) strobili

b) sori

c) elaters

d) spikes

d) gametangia

100. A plant belongs to the Solanaceae family, produces a capsule fruit with a lid, and contains poisonous seeds. This is ...

a) Capsicum annuum

b) Solanum dulcamara

c) Solanum tuberosum

d) Datura stramonium

e) Hyoscyamus niger

101. The biennial plant being analyzed has a taproot; the stems are ribbed-furrowed and hollow; the leaves are multi-pinnatisect with sheathing petioles; the inflorescence is a compound umbel; the fruit is a cremocarp. These characteristics are typical for plants of the family ...

a) Apiaceae

b) Solanaceae

c) Fabaceae

d) Brassicaceae

e) Scrophulariaceae

102. Flowers with a cruciform calyx and corolla correspond to the formula:

Ca₂₊₂Co₄A₂₊₄G (2), therefore, the species most likely belongs to the family ...

a) Ranunculaceae

b) Asteraceae

c) Rosaceae

d) Brassicaceae

e) Papaveraceae

103. A hygrophytic plant with pinnatisect leaves has a shortened, thick, hollow, and lightweight rhizome with adventitious roots, which acquires a specific odor when dried. This rhizome belongs to ...

a) Bidens tripartita

b) Acorus calamus

c) Valeriana officinalis d) Sanguisorba officinalis e) Arctium lappa

104. Small aerial bulbils have formed in the umbellate inflorescences of the plant. They facilitate vegetative propagation, which is characteristic of members of the family...

a) Araceae

b) Rosaceae

c) Brassicaceae

d) Asteraceae

e) Alliaceae

105. Brassica oleracea L. (wild cabbage) produces which type of fruit?

a) Head

b) Silique

c) Pepo

d) Capsule

e) Cynarrhodium

106. The Study of the interrelationships between plant species, plant communities, and environmental factors is known as...

a) general ecology

b) phytoecology

c) phytocenology

d) social ecology

e) zooecology

107. In a natural complex, Living organisms are linked to their environment through the exchange of matter and energy,

thereby forming an...

a) biomorphological system

b) social system

c) ecological system

108. A plant's life cycle is inherently dependent on factors whose intensity and temporal changes occur in regular patterns (e.g., heat, rain,

snowfall, tides). Such factors are classified as...

a) periodic

b) non-periodic

c) catastrophic

d) sporadic

109. Biotic ecological factors affecting plants include zoogenic, phytogenic, microgenic, and...

a) chemical

b) climatic

c) edaphic

d) topographic

e) anthropogenic

110. Moisture, light, Temperature, wind, and atmospheric pressure have a significant impact on plant organisms—these are ecological factors belonging to the group of...

a) soil factors

b) orographic factors (relief)

c) climatic factors

d) zoogenic factors

e) anthropogenic factors

111. Factors such as local topography, soil mechanical composition, moisture content, density, and air permeability belong to abiotic factors, specifically...

a) edaphic

b) chemical

c) climatic

d) microgenic

e) zoogenic

112. Specific chemical indicators of the environment include the gas COMPOSITION OF THE air, the composition and acidity of soil solutions, and...

a) soil mechanical composition

b) soil bacterial composition

c) water bacterial composition

d) salt composition of water

113. Selected plants that grow near water bodies and are partially submerged, i.e., belong to ...

a) hygrophytes

b) hydrophytes

c) xerophytes

d) mesophytes

114. Asian rice - Oryza sativa grows in conditions of high soil and air

humidity, therefore, it belongs to ...

a) hydrophytes

b) mesophytes

c) hydatophytes

d) hygrophytes

e) xerophytes

115. From a herbarium collection representing all ecological groups based on moisture requirements, a mesophyte was selected, namely...

a) small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata)

b) jointfir (Ephedra distachya)

c) sweet flag (Acorus calamus)

d) devil's beggartick (Bidens tripartita)

e) common duckweed (Lemna minor)

116. The structure of the succulent leaves of Aloe arborescens confirms that the plant is adapted to withstand a lack of soil and atmospheric moisture, i.e., it is a - ...

a) mesophyte

b) hygrophyte

c) xerophyte

d) stem succulent

e) leaf succulent

117. A collection of steppe and desert plants has been established, characterized by small leaves with various adaptations to reduce Transpiration: few stomata or stomata hidden in crypts, presence of a thick cuticle or trichomes, multi-layered palisade mesophyll, numerous veins with fine tracheids, etc. These plants are ...

a) poikiloxerophytes

b) hemixerophytes

c) typical xerophytes (euxerophytes)

d) succulents

118. For the normal development of Scots pine, which forms light-demanding pine forests, it requires ...

a) diffused light

b) bright light

c) shading

d) darkness

119. A drop in air temperature to -6 °C led to the death of oranges and lemons, which are classified as ... plants.

a) heat-loving (thermophilic)

b) cold-resistant

c) cold-tolerant

d) cold-loving (cryophilic)

e) mesophilic

120. A sign of adaptation of high-altitude trees to low temperatures is their external form. It is ...

a) liana-like

b) tall-growing

c) epiphytic

d) prostrate (creeping)

121. Seed germination was facilitated by a specific duration of exposure to low temperatures, i.e. ...

a) radiation

b) scarification

c) stratification

d) aeration

122. Understory plants in a deciduous forest develop normally only under diffused light because they are ...

a) shade-tolerant

b) shade-loving

c) light-tolerant

d) light-loving

123. Short-day plants, which require a shorter daily period of illumination, include cotton, sorghum, and other ...

a) southern crops

b) northern crops

124. Northern crops (such as flax and oats), in terms of their daily light duration requirements, belong to the group of ...

a) short-day plants

b) intermediate-day plants

c) long-day plants

125. Increasing the carbon dioxide concentration in the air to a certain level helps boost plant productivity by intensifying ...

a) guttation

b) Respiration

c) transpiration

d) secretion

e) Photosynthesis

126. High sensitivity to gases, soot, and other pollutants is exhibited by ...

a) flowering trees

b) conifers

c) flowering herbs

d) microorganisms

127. For the reproduction and dissemination of anemophilous, anemochorous, and tumbleweed-type plants, the action of ... is required

a) wind

b) temperature

c) soil

d) relief

e) light

128. The most numerous group of plants consists of those that require neutral or slightly alkaline soils, namely...

a) glycophytes

b) basiphiles

c) calciphobes

d) neutrophiles

e) acidophiles

129. Observations have shown that caraway (Carum carvi) forms a leaf rosette in its first year, and In the second year it blooms, bears fruit, and dies; therefore, this plant is a ...

a) ephemeroid

b) ephemeral

c) annual monocarpic

d) perennial polycarpic

e) biennial monocarpic

130. A taxonomic group of plants represented exclusively by woody forms is ...

a) gymnosperms

b) angiosperms

c) ferns

d) clubmosses

e) horsetails

131. It has been established that some Ericaceae do not develop without a partnership with Fungi; therefore, these plants are ...

a) bacteriorhizal symbiotrophs

b) mycorrhizal symbioses

c) insectivorous mixotrophs

d) obligate parasites

e) hemiparasites

132. The leaf of an insectivorous plant looks like a pitcher adapted for catching insects and digesting them using...

a) CARBOHYDRATES

b) vitamins

c) organic acids

d) Proteolytic Enzymes

e) fats

133. A collection of higher plants representing all ecological nutritional groups has been gathered. It includes a symbiotroph, namely...

a) field horsetail

b) sphagnum moss

c) beard lichen

d) European mistletoe

e) dodder

134. Yellow water-lily and white water-lily

- are aquatic plants whose leaves float on the water surface due to the presence of...

a) a thick cuticle

b) palisade parenchyma

c) stomata on the upper epidermis

d) stomata on the lower epidermis

e) aerenchyma

135. It has been established that the studied species is distributed across all continents of the world, therefore the plant is a...

a) cosmopolite

b) endemic species

c) relict

d) introduced species

136. Vegetable crops, cereals, and fruit trees that grow in temperate climates with moderate moisture belong to which of the following ECOLOGICAL PLANT GROUPS?

a) hydrophytes

b) hygrophytes

c) mesophytes

d) sclerophytes

e) xerophytes

137. The herbaceous bulbous plant

- oak tulip (Tulipa quercetorum) — flowers and fruits in early spring when the soil is saturated with melted snow water. After seed maturation, the above-ground organs die off. Therefore, this plant is a ...

a) ephemeral

b) ephemeroid

c) annual monocarpic plant

d) annual polycarpic plant

e) perennial monocarpic plant

138. Among the medicinal plants listed below, identify the evergreen species:

a) wild strawberry

b) shepherd's purse

c) sage

d) juniper

e) sweet clover

139. Microscopic analysis of a calamus (Acorus calamus) leaf reveals that the epidermis lacks trichomes and is almost devoid of a cuticle and stomata, while the mesophyll is represented by aerenchyma. These features indicate that the plant's habitat is...

a) highly moist

b) slightly moist

c) moderately moist

d) medium-dry

e) significantly dry

140. The semi-desert plants black saxaul and camel thorn, whose root systems reach the groundwater table, were used as...

a) soil indicators

b) hydroindicators

c) water accumulators

d) water evaporators

141. Among the provided medicinal plants, a cosmopolitan species is - ...

a) peanut

b) peppermint

c) Siberian pine

d) purple coneflower

e) common dandelion

142. Among the herbarium specimens, There is a relict

a) potato

b) ginkgo

c) Siberian larch

d) purple foxglove

e) pedunculate oak

143. Rare medicinal plants in Ukraine that require protection include ...

b) cornflower

c) Scots pine

d) black henbane

e) caraway

144. It has been established that the height of the semi-desert shrub Ephedra equisetina reaches 2–3 m, while the lifespan of its skeletal axes does not exceed ...

a) 1 year

b) 8 years

c) 20 years

d) 40 years

e) 100 years

145. Substrate dehydration caused mosses to enter a state of anabiosis, whereas ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms ...

a) increased their metabolic rate

b) improved their condition

c) died

d) began to reproduce actively

146. Deciduous plants were selected that possess epidermal hairs, outgrowths, a thick cuticle, and other adaptations to protect against excessive ...

a) respiration and aeration

b) overheating and evaporation

c) photosynthesis

d) METABOLISM

147. Plants avoid overheating by evaporating moisture through their stomata, a process known as ...

a) transpiration

b) radiation

c) gas exchange

d) secretion

147a. Plants that require less soil moisture than typical mesophytes, but more than typical xerophytes, include common toadflax, creeping thyme, common tansy, and St. John's wort. Therefore, they are classified as...

a) hygromesophytes or mesohygrophytes

b) xeromesophytes or mesoxerophytes

148. Narrow-leaved steppe grasses (such as feather grass, fescue, and bluegrass), which are classified as sclerophytes, are capable of rolling their leaves into a tube, thereby enclosing the stomata in a confined chamber. This results in...

a) reduced photosynthesis

b) increased transpiration

c) reduced transpiration

d) increased photosynthesis

149. Epiphytes of the Orchidaceae family obtain moisture and nutrients from their environment thanks to a specialized spongy tissue found on The surface of their aerial roots, known as:

a) endodermis

b) epidermis

c) periderm

d) rhinoderm

e) velamen

150. Plants with climbing, clinging, or twining stems that utilize support to grow and reach adequate light levels are classified into the following eco-morphological group:

a) lianas

b) shrubs

c) subshrubs

d) semi-shrubs

e) dwarf semi-shrubs

151. Based on the nature of its perennial underground organ, couch grass (Elymus repens) is classified as a herbaceous plant that is...

a) tuberous

b) taprooted

c) short-rhizomatous

d) long-rhizomatous

e) bulbous

152. In individuals of the genus Ephedra, which reach 5-15 cm in height, the lower part of the stem becomes woody and persists throughout the plant's life, while the upper herbaceous branches die off annually; this is characteristic of...

a) a tree

b) subshrub

c) shrub

d) biennial herb

e) perennial herb

153. To collect the aerial shoots of the hygrophyte Equisetum arvense (field horsetail), a student went to...

a) the mountains

b) the riverside

c) a deciduous forest

d) a coniferous forest

154. A reduction in the yield of rye crops was caused by the spread of an annual weed characterized by attractive blue or blue-violet flower heads. This plant is...

a) Centaurea cyanus

b) Rheum palmatum

c) Chelidonium majus

d) Thermopsis lanceolata

e) Helichrysum arenarium

155. Hardy plants capable of surviving in polluted, saline, dehydrated, or nutrient-depleted soils include...

a) hydrophytes

b) cereal crops

c) legumes

d) epiphytes

e) weeds

156. The list of rare species included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine features medicinal plants such as Huperzia selago (fir clubmoss), Pinus cembra (Swiss stone pine), Taxus baccata (yew), Arnica montana, Astragalus dasyanthus, and...

a) Origanum vulgare

b) Arctium lappa

c) Adonis vernalis

d) black elderberry

e) garden celery

157. It has been established that, alongside various protective and regulatory Functions, forest trees serve to absorb radioactive substances and release volatile biologically active compounds into the air, known as...

a) carotenoids

b) anthocyanins

c) chlorophylls

d) phytoncides

e) Lipids

158. In biotechnological production, valuable medicinal substances are derived from ginseng Cell biomass, which is obtained by cultivating cells...

a) on an artificial nutrient medium

b) on a natural nutrient medium

c) in garden beds

d) in a greenhouse

e) in water

159. During the autumn harvest of marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) roots, some mature specimens were left in the field in order to...

a) harvest the remaining roots in winter

b) preserve and regenerate the population

c) harvest the remaining roots in summer

d) fertilize the soil with nitrogen

160. In mountainous regions, variations in altitude, slope aspect, and surface characteristics lead to changes in abiotic factors, resulting in the distribution of vegetation in the form of...

a) spiral zones

b) horizontal zones

c) isolated strips

d) vertical zones (belts)

161. Which of the following biotic factors leads to significant soil compaction, Changes in the floristic composition of land, and a decrease in its nutritional value?

a) intensive worm reproduction

b) hurricane

c) livestock grazing

d) heat wave

162. The inhibition of plant growth caused by physiologically active substances released by other plants has been recorded. This type of plant interaction is...

a) indirect

b) direct

c) controlled

d) spontaneous

163. Biocenoses are influenced by a complex set of factors, but the decisive role belongs to an abiotic factor, namely...

a) phytogenic

b) anthropogenic

c) microgenic

d) zoogenic

e) climatic

164. To artificially alter a specific flora and landscape, certain plants were relocated outside their natural range; this practice is known as...

a) grafting

b) cultivation

c) Selection

d) Introduction

e) acclimatization

165. Roadside ruderal weeds include several medicinal plant

s: common dandelion, broadleaf plantain, scentless chamomile, and...

a) German chamomile

b) common knotgrass

c) common sunflower

d) dill

e) belladonna

166. Ruderal weeds characteristic of wasteland areas include such medicinal plants as yellow sweet clover, mugwort, greater burdock, Canadian horseweed, and ...

a) common sage

b) dwarf everlast

c) yellow hornpoppy

d) red raspberry

e) stinging nettle

167. A quarantine weed that is widely distributed across Ukraine, causes significant economic damage, is notoriously difficult to eradicate, and triggers allergic reactions is...

a) mugwort

b) common ragweed

c) lily of the valley

d) spiny restharrow

e) St. John's wort

168. The range of the European yew consists of several isolated and distant land areas, which is defined as a ... range.

a) disjunct

b) continuous

c) vicariant

d) elliptical

e) ribbon-like

169. Individuals of Quercus robur are evenly distributed across the territory of Eurasia; therefore, the range of this species is ...

a) endemic

b) disjunct

c) vicariant

d) continuous

170. The collection of plant species that have inhabited and currently grow within the territory of Ukraine constitutes its ...

a) vegetation

b) biogeocenosis

c) flora

d) ecosystem

e) population

171. Surveys confirm that the flora of Ukraine falls within the boundaries of one specific floristic region, namely...

a) Australian

b) Neotropical

c) Paleotropical

d) Cape

e) Holarctic

172. Based on data regarding the distribution of vegetation across Ukraine, it has been established that the most widespread vegetation type is ...

a) forest

b) steppe

c) meadows

d) marshland

e) salt marshes

173. Grasses play a decisive role in The formation of meadow turf, among which a widely distributed long-rhizome medicinal plant is -

a) common maize

b) couch grass

c) common oat

d) common rye

174. The smallest subordinate unit of vegetation cover is considered to be...

a) vegetation type

b) formation

c) formation group

d) association

e) association group

175. Long-term monitoring of medicinal plant habitats indicates that their areas and boundaries...

a) remain constant

b) are constantly changing

c) are always decreasing

d) are always increasing.

176. It has been established that the vertical stratification of plant communities in Ukraine is most clearly expressed...

a) in wetlands

b) in steppes

c) in forests

d) in meadows

e) in salt marshes

177. Studies have shown that a zonal plant community represented by perennial herbaceous mesophytes is...

a) a meadow

b) a steppe

c) a forest

d) a wetland

178. Following field trips to the broad-leaved forests of Northern Ukraine, students concluded that the most common primary forest-forming species is

a) black poplar

b) silver birch

c) Siberian larch

d) European rowan

e) common oak

179. Which genera of trees dominate the coniferous forests of Ukraine?

a) Thuja, Juniperus

b) Betula, Quercus

c) Cedrus, Larix

d) Pinus, Picea

e) Taxus, Abies

180. Observations indicate that species diversity in raised bogs is low. This is primarily due to ...

a) geographical Location

b) oligotrophic Nature of the substrate

c) climatic conditions

d) high radiation levels

e) low temperatures.

181. While surveying the vegetation of a fen (lowland bog), students discovered thickets of a medicinal plant known as

a) Adonis vernalis

b) Cichorium intyhus

c) Acorus calamus

d) Rheum palmatum

e) Mentha piperita

182. High-quality Medicinal plant raw Materials were obtained by adhering to proper sowing times, plant care, and harvesting schedules, which reflects a knowledge of ...

a) Histology

b) palynology

c) bryology

d) phenology

183. The inclusion of sites into the World Network of Biosphere Reserves is managed by...

a) Greenpeace

b) The UN

c) The Ministry of Environmental Protection of Ukraine

d) UNESCO

184. Medicinal plant harvesters collected a large quantity of Lycopodium selago without authorization from the relevant authorities. This is a violation because this species is...

a) recovered

b) not medicinal

c) unknown

d) rare

e) endangered

185. A distinct ecological group of plants that are not cultivated but have

adapted to thrive alongside agricultural crops are...

a) cosmopolites

b) weeds

c) endemics

d) relics

186. The initial stage of conservation efforts for rare and endangered species is their...

a) systematization

b) nomenclature

c) mapping

d) introduction

e) naturalization

187. A plant with an established biomorph that lives for over 100 years and has multiple woody stems 1–2 m tall, branching near the soil surface, is classified as...

a) a tree

b) shrub

c) woody liana

d) subshrub

e) perennial herb

188. During environmental monitoring of the city outskirts, no Lichens were found, which indicates ...

a) chemical pollution of the environment

b) lack of moisture

c) lack of nutrients in the soil

d) excess moisture

e) excessive lighting

189. In a greenhouse collection of humid tropical plants, there are species that primarily inhabit trees, feed independently, and possess aerial roots. All these characteristics are typical of ...

a) parasites

b) xylophytes

c) ephemeroids

d) ephemerals

e) epiphytes

190. A plant community consisting of woody plants, under the canopy of which herbaceous ecomorphs grow, is...

A. Meadow

B. Upland meadows

C. *Forest D. Steppe

E. Floodplain meadows

191. A phytocenosis in an arid climate zone, dominated by perennial herbaceous xerophytic plants, is

A. Forest

B. Biotope

C. *Steppe

D. Upland meadows E. Floodplain meadows

192. A phytocenosis and a micro-zoocenosis combined under uniform environmental conditions form a complex community known as...

A. Biogeocenosis

B. *Biocenosis

C. Steppe D. Meadow

193. Organisms that prefer soils rich in calcium carbonate.

A. *Calciphiles

B. Calcifuges

C. Nitrophiles D. Acidophiles

194. Plants that grow in excessively moist conditions and lack adaptations to reduce transpiration.

A. Mesophytes

B. Xerophytes

C. *Hygrophytes

D. Hygromesophytes E. Pseudoxerophytes

195. Plants that grow in conditions of moderate moisture.

A. *Mesophytes

B. Xerophytes

C. Hygrophytes

D. Hemixerophytes E. Sclerophytes

196. Plants of arid habitats that vary by type and form distinct steppe and desert plant communities in specific Regions of the globe.

A. Hygrophytes

B. *Xerophytes

C. Hygrophytes D. Sclerophytes E. Mesophytes

197. What are plants called that are either partially or fully submerged in water?

A. Hygrophytes

B. *Hydatophytes

C. Xerophytes

D. Hemixerophytes E. Sclerophytes

198. In xerophytes, stomata are located in depressions called...

A. Urinary tubules

B. * Crypts

C. Stromata D. Thylakoids E. Thyrsi

199. Lower organisms capable of enduring extreme desiccation without regulating their water balance, entering a state of anabiosis during severe dehydration are...

A. Hemixerophytes

B. Mesophytes

C. Hydrophytes

D. *Poikiloxerophytes E. Hygrophytes

200. Which of the following is an acidophile?

A. Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica)

B. Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)

C. Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) D. *Common sorrel (Rumex acetosa) E. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)

201. Plants that grow in alkaline soils are...

A. Nitrophobes

B. *Basiphiles

C. Neutrophiles D. Acidophiles E. Calciphobes

202. Acidophiles grow in

A. * Acidic soils

B. Alkaline soils

C. Neutral soils D. Slightly alkaline soils E. Any type of soil

203. Plants that inhabit freshwater bodies and non-saline soils with a salt content of less than 0.5% are

A. Halophytes

B. Euhalophytes

C. Glycohalophytes D. *Glycophytes

E. Crinohalophytes

204. Plants of cliffs and rocky steppes that colonize humus previously formed by bacteria, Algae, and fungi.

A. Halophytes

B. Euhalophytes

C. * Lithophytes

D. Glycohalophytes E. Crinohalophytes

205. Annual herbs lacking overwintering buds, which regenerate solely from seeds.

A. Cryptophytes

B. Phanerophytes

C. *Therophytes D. Chamaephytes

E. Hemicryptophytes

206. Plants represented by rhizomatous, tuberous, or bulbous species, or hydrophytes, whose renewal buds are located at a depth of 12 cm in the soil or underwater.

A. *Cryptophytes

B. Phanerophytes

C. Therophytes D. Chamaephytes

E. Hemicryptophytes

207. Which of the following is considered a direct interaction between plants?

A. Allelopathy

B. Genetic Engineering

C. ^Competition

D. Recombinant engineering

208. Which of the following is considered an indirect interaction?

A. Mutualism

B. Competition

C. Amensalism D. Symbiosis

E. *Allelopathy

209. Succulent, fleshy plants with well-developed water-storage tissue, which can be classified by form into leaf and stem types.

A. Lianas

B. * Succulents

C. Phanerophytes D. Chamaephytes E. Therophytes

210. The chemical interaction between plant species mediated by metabolic products.

A. Mutualism

B. Competition

C. * Allelopathy

D. Genetic engineering E. Amensalism

211. Which of the following are eutrophs?

A. Cranberry

B. Heather

C. Yarrow D. Lingonberry

E. *Nettle

212. Which shrubs are classified as summer-green (deciduous)...

A. Heather

B. Timothy-grass

C. Woolly foxglove D. *Bog-myrtle

E. Steppe cherry

213. A terrestrial herb that flowers and fruits only once in its lifetime.

A. Potato

B. *Beetroot

C. Common couch grass D. Colchian sedge E. Butterfly orchid

214. Terrestrial herbs that fruit annually or several times throughout their life cycle.

A. Flax

B. Cabbage

C. Agave D. Bamboo E. * Lily of the valley

215. Ephemerals belong to .

A. *Annual herbs

B. Biennial herbs

C. Perennial herbs

216. Plantain belongs to ..

A. Taproot herbs

B. *Fibrous-rooted herbs

C. Short-rhizome herbs D. Long-rhizome herbs E. Tuberous perennials

217. Plants that cannot tolerate shading and can only develop normally under bright light conditions.

A. Sciophytes

B. Epiphytes

C. *Heliophytes D. Fluctophytes

218. Shade-loving plants develop normally only in diffused light or shaded conditions. This group includes.

A. Steppe grasses

B. Scots pine

C. Silver birch

D. *Common woodsorrel E. Common sunflower

219. Heliophytes typically have thick, rigid leaf blades with well-developed palisade parenchyma and sclerenchyma. These include.

A. Ginseng

B. Mosses

C. Ferns D. * Sunflower E. Herb Paris

220. The film of life, the Earth's envelope, a specifically organized unity of all living matter and mineral elements.

A. Atmosphere

B. Hydrosphere

C. Lithosphere D. *Biosphere E. Phytosphere

221. The upper solid shell of the Earth's crust, reaching a thickness of 2-3 km. It encompasses the Earth's interior and soil.

A. *Lithosphere

B. Hydrosphere

C. Biosphere D. Atmosphere E. Phytosphere

222. Plants that grow in full sunlight but are capable of tolerating shade due to the plasticity of their mesophyll structure, which adapts to varying light conditions.

A. Sporophytes

B. Heliophytes (sun-loving plants)

C. Etiolated plants

D. * Facultative heliophytes E. Flucophytes

223. The gaseous environment inhabited by organisms, extending up to 25 km in altitude.

A. Lithosphere

B. Hydrosphere

C. *Atmosphere D. Phytosphere

224. Which artificial sphere does humanity create through its activities?

A. Hydrosphere

B. Lithosphere

C. *Noosphere D. Atmosphere

225. Which of the following belongs to long-rhizome perennials, characterized by elongated internodes in the rhizome?

A. Stinging nettle

B. Bog myrtle

C. Woolly foxglove

D. *Colchian sedge E. Carrot

226. Which of the following is a bulbous herb?

A. Carrot

B. Foxglove

C. Potato D. Butterfly orchid

E. *Tulip

227. Plants characterized by rapid stem elongation with relatively little thickening, which makes them unable to support their shoots in an upright position, forcing them to use other plants, rocks, or structures for support are known as:

A. Succulents

B. Trees

C. Shrubs D. *Lianas

E. Herbs

228. Which subshrub has an upper green part that dies back annually?

A. *Common sage

B. Dandelion

C. Thyme

D. Southernwood