Psychiatry - O. K. Napreyenko 2001

Explanatory Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms

A

Absence seizure — a brief, sudden lapse of consciousness.

Abstinence syndrome — a distinct psychological and somatic state resulting from the cessation of alcohol or drug use.

Abstraction — the extraction of existing features from the concrete qualities and Properties of Individual objects and phenomena.

Abulia — pathological lack of willpower or absence of the appropriate impulse to act.

Automatism — The Emergence of movements, thoughts, or feelings disconnected from the patient's conscious intentions.

Automatic obedience — a condition in which a patient automatically and against their own will performs any requested action.

Agnosia — a disorder in recognizing environmental stimuli despite intact Sensory Organs.

Agoraphobia — an obsessive fear of open spaces.

Agrammatism — the incorrect use of grammatical elements and structures resulting from Cerebral Cortex damage.

Agraphia — a disorder affecting the written form of language.

Aggressiveness — an intensification of the defensive instinct.

Adaptation — the adjustment of an Organism to environmental conditions.

Adequate — corresponding or proportionate to something.

Adynamia — severe immobility and a complete lack of physical activity.

Acalculia — an Impairment of the ability to perform calculations.

Akathisia — a constant urge to move the body, driven by a feeling of inner restlessness.

Akinesia — the inability to initiate voluntary movements.

Akoasms — elementary auditory hallucinations.

Act — a single mental action.

Agraphognosia — the improper arrangement of words during writing.

Aphasia — the improper arrangement of words during speech.

Activity — the drive toward action and engagement.

Acupuncture — needle therapy.

Character accentuation — the pronounced prominence or defining behavioral trait of a character.

Alalia — the absence or underdevelopment of spoken language.

Algolagnia — sexual arousal achieved exclusively in conjunction with pain.

Alexia — the inability to acquire the reading process.

Alcoholism — the systematic abuse of alcoholic beverages.

Altruism — selfless concern for others.

Ambivalence — a contradictory, dual emotional experience.

Ambitendence — the simultaneous manifestation of two opposing impulses.

Amentia — a form of acute confusional state.

Anterograde amnesia — the inability to remember events that occurred after the onset of illness.

Progressive amnesia — the systematic and sequential loss of stored memories.

Retarded amnesia — delayed or postponed amnesia.

Retrograde amnesia — the inability to remember events that occurred before the onset of illness.

Fixation amnesia — the inability to retain memories of current events.

Amusia — the loss of The ability to recognize a once-familiar melody.

Analgesia — the loss of pain sensitivity.

Anamnesis — information regarding a patient's life history and illness.

Anekforia — a memory disorder in which specific past events are recalled only when prompted by the accounts of others.

Painful psychic anesthesia —

a drastic reduction in emotional responsiveness accompanied by the awareness and distress of this condition.

Anosognosia — the failure to recognize one's own illness.

Anorexia — the loss of appetite for food.

Antabuse — a medication used in anti-alcohol therapy.

Antidepressants — chemical agents of diverse structures capable of alleviating depression.

Anthropophobia — an obsessive fear that arises when encountering people.

Apathy — a reduction in emotions and feelings, accompanied by a loss of interest.

Apomorphine is one of the agents used in anti-alcohol therapy.

Apraxia is a motor disorder caused by damage to the cerebral cortex, impairing the ability to perform purposeful actions.

Arithmomania is an obsessive compulsion to count objects.

Association experiment is a psychological technique based on The Study of spontaneous associations.

Astasia-abasia is an inability to stand or walk, typically associated with hysteria.

Asthenia is a state of mental and physical fatigue and weakness.

Astrophobia is a pathological fear of lightning and thunder.

Intrapsychic ataxia is a dissociation between the content of mental representations and their emotional coloring.

Atactic speech incoherence is a speech production disorder manifested in the disruption of semantic connections due to broken associations.

Aura is a transient neuropsychiatric or somatic disturbance marking the onset of an epileptic seizure.

Autism is a weakening of social connectedness and restricted communication with others.

Autogenic training is a psychotherapeutic technique based on self-suggestion.

Autosuggestion is self-hypnosis or self-suggestion.

Aphasia is the total or partial loss of the ability to speak or understand spoken language resulting from brain damage.

Pathological affect is an intense, brief emotional reaction triggered by severe psychological trauma, characterized by a transient disturbance of consciousness.

Physiological affect is an intense, short-lived emotional response to a stimulus, during which the individual remains conscious of their actions.

Increased affectivity is a heightened susceptibility to physiological affects.

Desire is a conscious experience of an individual's current needs.

Apathy is a blunting or loss of interest in the surrounding world.

Bathophobia is an obsessive fear of depths.

Sexual impotence is a decline in sexual activity, or impotence.

Biorhythm refers to periodic fluctuations in the intensity of physiological processes over time.

Biostimulants are substances that activate the body's defense mechanisms.

Bisexuality is the presence of physical or romantic attraction to people of more than one sex.

Blepharospasm is a spasmodic contraction of the eyelid Muscles.

Madness is a temporary or permanent mental disorder.

Bradypsychia is a slowing down of mental processes.

Bulimia is a pathological urge to eat.

B

Vaginismus is a reflex spasm of the Vagina and pelvic floor that makes sexual intercourse or gynecological examination difficult.

Pseudocyesis (false Pregnancy) is a patient's firm belief that she is pregnant, accompanied by characteristic sensations and signs.

Vampirism is necrosadism.

Verbigeration is the senseless repetition of the same words.

Verbomania is a morbid compulsion to chatter excessively.

Forced laughter and crying are emotions that arise without an apparent cause and which the patient cannot control.

Flight of ideas is a rapid succession of thoughts that replace one another too quickly.

"Open door system" is a form of psychiatric care management that grants patients maximum freedom.

Abreaction is a psychological reaction to a stimulus.

Intellectual disability is a lag in mental development.

Recall is the conscious restoration of previously perceived and retained information from memory.

Deviation is any departure from the psychological norm.

Alienation of feelings is a patient's conviction that their emotions are independent of their will.

Sensation is the reflection of The properties of objects and phenomena.

Internal speech is the sounding of thoughts, "speech" inside the HEAD—a type of associative automatism.

Volitional action is an action aimed at achieving a specific goal.

Waxy flexibility (catalepsy) is the patient's maintenance of any posture given to them.

Recognition is the identification of something previously fixed in memory.

"Flight into illness" is a protective hysterical reaction.

Voyeurism is spying on sexual acts, defecation, or urination in order to attain sexual gratification.

G

Galloping course — a rapid disease progression.

Hallucination — an imaginary perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus.

Adelomorphous hallucination — barely perceptible visual hallucinations.

Antagonistic hallucination — hallucinations contrasting in content that occur simultaneously.

Hypnagogic hallucination — a hallucination occurring during the onset of Sleep.

Hypnopompic hallucination — a hallucination observed during waking up.

Extracampine hallucination — a hallucinatory image occurring outside the field of Vision.

Elementary hallucination — a very simple, non-objectified hallucination (akoasms, photopsias).

Imperative hallucination — an auditory hallucination that takes the form of a command.

Simple hallucination — a hallucination in which an imaginary image is "perceived" by a single analyzer.

Complex hallucination — a hallucination involving multiple analyzers.

True hallucination — a hallucination in which imaginary images are perceived as real and projected onto the surrounding environment.

Functional hallucination — a hallucination generated under METABOLISM/18.html">The Influence of a real stimulus acting on a specific analyzer.

Hallucinosis — continuous hallucinations.

Gambrinism — beer alcoholism.

Ganser syndrome (Ganser's twilight state) — hysterical twilight state.

Delirium tremens (white fever) — alcohol delirium.

Hashishism — drug addiction, dependence on hashish.

Hysterical clavus — a sharp, piercing headache caused by hysteria.

Hebefrenia — a subtype of Schizophrenia.

Heboid — a psychopathy-like trait characterized by a tendency toward mischief.

Genius — the highest level of development of abilities.

Genotype — the set of genes of a particular organism.

Genuinely — congenital, intrinsic.

Gerontophilia — sexual attraction to elderly individuals.

Hydrotherapy — Water Treatment.

Gynaephobia — a morbid fear of women.

Hyperbulia — a state of pathological enhancement of volitional activity.

Hyperaesthesia — heightened intensity of sensations.

Hyperkinesia — involuntary excessive movements.

Hypermetamorphosis — increased distractibility.

Hypermnesia — sharpening of memory.

Hypersthenia — increased excitability.

Hypersomnia — paroxysmal sleepiness.

Hypobulia — weakening of goal-directed activity.

Hypomania — an elevation of mood that is inappropriate to the situation.

Hypomnesia — weakening of memory.

Hypsophobia — an obsessive fear of heights.

Glossalgia — pain in the Tongue.

Angry mania — an elevation of mood accompanied by irritability and anger.

Homicidal tendencies — a morbid urge to commit murder.

Homosexuality — sexual attraction to individuals of the same sex.

Hospitalism — deterioration of psycha-

-logical health caused by prolonged inpatient treatment.

Graphomania — a morbid compulsion for writing.

"Gallows humor" — alcohol-induced humor.

D

Debility — a mild degree of mental retardation.

Onset — the initial manifestation of a disease.

Degeneration — the deterioration of an individual's organic and psychological qualities.

Mental degradation — a progressive decline in the level of mental functioning.

Capacity (legal) — the mental ability to exercise one's rights.

Disorientation — an impairment of orientation.

Compulsive actions — an obsessive urge to perform a specific action.

Delirium — a clouding of consciousness accompanied by impaired environmental orientation and visual hallucinations.

Dementia — acquired cognitive decline.

Depersonalization — a disturbance of self-awareness and the loss of personal unity.

Depression — a depressed mood disproportionate to the situation.

Derealization — a disturbance in the perception of reality and its distortion.

Mental defect — a persistent loss or impairment of a mental function associated with illness.

Personality dysharmony — a disruption of THE PRINCIPLE OF psychological harmony.

Dipsomania — bouts of binge drinking separated by periods of remission.

Dysmnesia — a memory disorder.

Dysmorphophobia — preoccupation with perceived defects or deformity of one's body or specific body parts.

Dissociative identity disorder — the simultaneous coexistence of multiple selves within a single individual.

Dysthymia — a short-term mood disturbance.

Dysphagia — a swallowing disorder,

Dysphoria — a mood disorder characterized by irritability.

Dromomania — an irresistible urge to wander or travel.

Hysterical arch — the posture assumed by a patient during a hysterical seizure.

E

Egocentrism — the desire to be at the center of attention.

Eideticism — the ability to reproduce vivid mental images.

Euphoria — a state of elevated mood disproportionate to the situation.

Epileptic equivalent — episodic disturbances of mental activity in Epilepsy.

Exaltation — a state of agitation, excessive joy, or rapture.

Exogenous reaction type — a psychological response to external stimuli.

Ekmnesia — a memory disorder in which the boundary between the past and the present becomes blurred.

Exhibitionism — achieving sexual arousal by exposing one's genitals.

Expansiveness — emotional restraintlessness.

Explosiveness — heightened excitability and volatility.

Expressive movements — gestures and movements that reflect inner experiences.

Ecstasy — the highest degree of rapture.

Extraversion — the redirection of psychological energy toward the external world.

Embryonic posture — a position resembling that of a fetus; a symptom of catatonic stupor.

Emotions — the subjective Background of psychological experiences and one's attitude toward the environment and oneself.

Emotional inertia — excessive persistence of emotions.

Emotional lability — rapid fluctuation of emotions.

Emotional weakness — feebleness of mind or hypersensitivity.

"Emotional dullness" — impoverishment of feelings.

Endogenous reaction type — the onset of a disorder resulting from internal changes within the organism.

Enuresis — Urinary Incontinence.

Psychic epidemic — mental disorders that have acquired a mass character.

Status epilepticus — frequent epileptic seizures during the intervals of which the patient does not regain consciousness.

Erythrophobia — an obsessive fear of the color red.

Eroticism — heightened sexual drive.

Echolalia — the automatic repetition of words spoken by another person.

Echopraxia — the mindless imitation of other people's actions.

Etheromania — a form of substance abuse characterized by a craving for ether.

Ж

Jargonophasia — a meaningless jumble of words, logorrhea.

"Living in dreams" — maladaptive daydreaming.

"Mental chewing gum" — a tendency toward fruitless rumination.

Zhyrba — anxiety, melancholy, or yearning.

Z

Forgetting — a decrease in the volume of retained information.

Satisfaction — the alignment between an individual's needs and the outcomes of their interaction with the environment.

"Thought blocking" — sudden interruption or halting of a train of thought.

Memorization — the consolidation of images, perceptions of representations, thoughts, experiences, and the connections between them.

Stupor — a blunting of intellect and sensation accompanied by a cessation of the individual's actions.

Habit — an established behavioral stereotype.

Narrowing of the field of consciousness — a limited range of ideas is contained within the focus of consciousness.

Ability — the proficiency to perform a specific type of activity.

"Secondary gain of illness" — a conscious or unconscious desire to use illness for self-serving purposes.

"Internal zoopathy" — delusion of possession.

Zoophilia (sodomy) — sexual attraction to animals.

Zoophobia — a feeling of fear that arises upon encountering animals.

I

Idiotia — the most profound degree of congenital mental deficiency.

Illusion — a false perception of the objective world in the presence of real stimuli.

Affective illusion — a misperception that occurs in a state of tense anticipation or fear.

Verbal illusion — a distorted perception of the content of a conversation.

Pareidolic illusion — the incorporation of imaginative elements into the perception of an object.

Imbecility — a moderate degree of congenital mental deficiency.

Impotence — sexual dysfunction.

Impulsive action — an unconscious act unrelated to the current situation, frequently destructive in nature.

Indifference — an uncaring, neutral attitude toward someone or something.

Incoherence — a thought disorder manifested as a senseless jumble of words.

Intellectual emotions — higher-order feelings associated with cognitive processes.

Intermission — an interval between episodes of a mental illness, close to recovery.

"Philosophical intoxication" — a patient's intense preoccupation with Abstract concepts they are unable to comprehend due to a lack of proper education.

Introversion — the redirection of a person's mental processes primarily inward toward their own internal world.

Infantilism — the retention in an adult's psyche and behavior of traits characteristic of childhood.

Incest — sexual relations between close Blood relatives.

Hypochondria — excessive anxiety about one's health.

Hysteria — a mental disorder (neurosis, psychopathy) accompanied by distinctive emotional disturbances.

K

Cancerophobia — an obsessive fear of developing Cancer.

"Neurasthenic helmet" — a sensation of tightness around the head (as if wearing a cap or helmet) experienced by the patient.

Catalepsy — waxy flexibility.

Catamnesis — comprehensive data regarding a patient's condition following the primary course of treatment.

Catharsis — a psychotherapeutic method involving the re-experiencing of a specific traumatic event that caused a patient's neurosis, aimed at subconscious release from pathological complexes.

Catatonia — Disorders of the motor-volitional sphere (purging).

Catatonic excitement — the lack of purposeful movement, along with incoordination and disharmony.

Catatonic stupor — motor rigidity and immobility.

Querulence — a pathological inclination to file Complaints and grievances.

Claustrophobia — an obsessive fear of being in enclosed spaces.

Kleptomania — an irresistible urge to steal. The stolen items hold no material value for the patient.

Cocaine addiction — a form of substance abuse characterized by a dependency on cocaine.

Coma — a state of profound unconsciousness.

Convulsions — clonic seizures.

Coprolalia — the involuntary use of obscene or profane language.

Lesbianism — female homosexuality.

Kryklvytsia — a hysterical patient prone to clouding of consciousness and seizures.

Cryptomnesia — a memory bias where a person confuses a memory or idea with one of their own creation, having actually read or heard it elsewhere.

Xanthopsia — a visual disturbance in which surrounding objects appear yellow to the patient.

M

Lability of mental states — the capacity for rapid shifts in mental state.

Frivolity — an unserious attitude toward one's statements, actions, and behavior.

Faintheartedness — fear of difficulties and a reduced capacity for resilience.

Libido — sexual drive.

Affective logic — the highest degree of dependence of judgments on emotions.

Logoclonia — a type of stuttering characterized by the repetition of the final syllable of a word.

Logorrhea — an unstoppable stream of speech ("verbal diarrhea").

Somnambulism — sleepwalking.

Rage — an extreme manifestation of anger.

M

Masochism — sexual arousal derived from experiencing pain inflicted by a person of the opposite sex.

Macropsia — a neurological condition in which perceived objects appear larger than they are.

Mannerism — a state in which simple actions become bizarre and affected.

Mentism — an involuntary, continuous, and uncontrollable flow of thoughts.

Marasmus — physical and mental decay of the personality.

Delusion, delusional ideas — a false belief that distorts reality, completely dominates consciousness, and is impervious to correction.

Delusions of grandeur — the fixed, false belief that one possesses exceptional importance, extraordinary abilities, immense wealth, or power.

Delusions of grandeur — the patient is convinced of their own exceptionalism, extraordinary abilities, capabilities, wealth, and so on.

Delusions of invention and discovery — a morbid belief in one's authorship of various inventions, including prominent ones.

Delusion of noble birth: A patient's assertion that they are related to world-famous figures.

Delusion of influence: A patient's assertion that changes in their body are caused by specific actions.

Delusion of detriment (loss): A patient's claim that everyone around them is causing them harm.

Erotic delusion (erotomania): The conviction that a person of the opposite sex is intensely attracted to them and is trying to win their affection.

Induced delusion: Delusional ideas that develop in individuals who are incapable of critically evaluating the delusional statements of patients and accept them as truth.

Hypochondriacal delusion: A patient's unfounded conviction that they are suffering from an incurable disease.

Litigious delusion (querulant delusion): An irresistible urge to assert one's rights through numerous complaints, lawsuits, and petitions.

Megalomanic delusion: Bizarre, absurd delusional ideas of a grandiose nature.

Delusion of metamorphosis: A patient's assertion that they can transform into an animal, bird, mythical creature, or any inanimate object.

Unsystematized delusion: Delusional ideas lacking a coherent system of evidence.

Nihilistic delusion: A patient's assertion that their Internal Organs are atrophied or rotting.

Imaginative-sensory delusion: Delusional ideas accompanied by strong affectivity.

Delusion of possession: A peculiar form of hypochondriacal delusion in which the patient believes another entity has inhabited their body.

Delusion of poisoning: A patient's assertion that poison is being slipped into their food, that they are being given toxic medications, etc.

Paranoid delusion: Unsystematized, fragmentary, absurd delusion (featuring delusional ideas of reference, influence, persecution, poisoning, etc.). In the early stages, paranoid ideas may be accompanied by auditory, olfactory, and other hallucinations. See Paranoid syndrome.

Paranoid (paranoiac) delusion: Systematized delusional ideas, initially overvalued, later evolving into interpretations driven by affective tension and an overestimation of one's own personality. This condition lacks perceptual disturbances and intellectual-mnestic impairments. See Paranoiac syndrome.

Paraphrenic delusion: Systematized delusional ideas associated with various hallucinations and phenomena of psychic automatism, emerging in adulthood. Over a prolonged period (years, decades), intellectual-mnestic and emotional-volitional decline is not noticeable. See Paraphrenic syndrome.

Delusion of persecution: Delusional ideas wherein the patient believes they are being pursued, stalked, targeted for murder, etc.

Delusion of jealousy: An unfounded accusation by a patient that their spouse is unfaithful, where the supposed evidence is often unreal or fantastic.

Residual delusion: Delusional ideas wherein a patient remains convinced for some time of the truth of pathological (delusional) experiences that occurred during the acute phase of an illness against a background of altered consciousness.

Reformist delusion: Pathological judgments based on a system of subjective formal logical deductions that arise during The process of "developing" and "implementing" various reforms (ranging from minor to global) intended for the benefit of humanity.

Delusion of self-accusation: A subtype of delusional ideas observed in involutional melancholia and other depressive states. Patients accuse themselves of mistakes, immoral actions, thoughts, and desires for which they believe severe punishment awaits them.

Delusion of self-deprecation: Delusional ideas wherein the patient considers themselves a failure, worthless, or an inferior human being.

Systematized delusion: Delusional ideas grouped in a specific way around a central thought. Delusional judgments solidify into a system of views that define the individual's worldview. The patient's entire mental life becomes centered on these judgments. Internal connections between real-world phenomena become distorted; one pathological judgment links to another, crystallizing a delusional scheme. Paranoiac and paraphrenic delusions are systematized in nature.

Delusion of reference: Delusional ideas wherein the patient believes that their surroundings pertain to them in some way and carry special meaning: people look at them meaningfully; every action, gesture, utterance, radio and television broadcast, and sometimes even natural phenomena—none of it is accidental.

Delusion-like ideas are pathological ideas of self-underestimation or overestimation that arise against the background of an altered mood (elevated or depressed). There is a certain real basis underlying their appearance. To some extent, these ideas can be corrected, though not always or for long. They are never completely nonsensical.

Melancholia, or a melancholic state, is a mental disorder manifested by a depressed mood accompanied by deep anguish, a sense of hopelessness, grief, and despair. It is accompanied by the slowing of thought processes and motor activity, and sometimes by an intensification of motor reactions, known as a "melancholic outburst." See Depressive syndrome.

Metamorphopsia refers to the distorted Visual Perception of actually existing objects while maintaining their recognition and meaning. Macropsia, micropsia, and dysmorphopsia are distinguished.

The Rorschach method is a projective personality test developed by the Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach (1921). The subject is sequentially shown 10 amorphous (loosely structured) color and black-and-white images (Rorschach inkblots) and is asked to answer the questions: "What is this?" and "What could this be?"

Thinking is a mental process through which a person is able to reflect the essential and primary aspects of external world phenomena and uncover significant, lawful connections between them. As the cognition of The Essence of phenomena, thinking represents the higher form of reflection of reality and an active function of the intellect.

Atactic thinking is a pathology of thought characterized by an incorrect, paradoxical combination of concepts and ideas strung together without logical connections. It manifests as atactic verbal incoherence.

Autistic thinking, or autism, is thinking detached from the realities of life. The range of associations with the surrounding world is limited. Associations arise predominantly on The basis of ideas, representations, and sensations related to an illness, during which internal experiences dominate. Patients withdraw into themselves, keep apart, and do not communicate with anyone. Thinking and Answers TO QUESTIONS are formal. Fantasy borders on reality, and wishful thinking is perceived as fact.

Incoherent (disorganized) thinking is a profound thought disorder manifested by the failure to combine concepts and judgments. The surrounding world is perceived fragmentarily, thoughts are disjointed, and speech is chaotic. The capacity for analysis and synthesis is lost. Orientation in the environment is impossible. See Incoherent thinking.

Detailed thinking (hyper-detailism) is a cognitive process characterized by viscosity, inertia, and the loss of the ability to separate the main from the secondary. Judgments are dominated by accidental details that are irrelevant to the core issue.

Retarded thinking is a process accompanied by a slowing of associations. The number of ideas decreases, and thoughts and representations form slowly. Speech becomes disjointed, with prolonged pauses between words.

Thought blocking (arrest of thinking) is a sudden, brief, spontaneous cessation of the flow of thoughts. During a conversation, the patient suddenly falls silent and later explains this by a stoppage of thinking. It is observed in patients with schizophrenia.

Incoherent thinking is the loss of the ability to form associative links between perceptions, representations, and concepts, and to reflect reality in its connections. There is a loss of capacity for elementary generalizations, analysis, and synthesis. Speech becomes disorganized. See Incoherent (disorganized) thinking.

Paralogical thinking is a pathology of thought in which logic is disrupted. A specific concept is replaced by a symbol or sign understandable only to the patient, leading to groundless and absurd Conclusions. Inferences do not correspond to the premises from which they are derived. Such thinking loses its logic and becomes incomprehensible to others. It is characteristic of patients with schizophrenia.

Perseverative thinking is the monotonous repetition of the same thoughts and answers against the background of severely hindered and slowed associative processes. It is observed in schizophrenia and organic brain lesions.

Accelerated thinking is a mental state characterized by an increased number of associations and thoughts, along with an accelerated pace. One mental representation is immediately replaced by another. Speech becomes inconsistent: without finishing one thought, the patient switches to another ("flight of ideas");

Circumstantial or pedantic reasoning (rezoniorstvo) is thinking characterized by arguments not grounded in facts, empty verbal References that do not address the topic of conversation and fail to achieve their purpose. Contentless and impoverished judgments may be expressed in a grammatically correct form.

Disjointed thinking (Schizophasia) is a pathology of thought manifested by the disruption of semantic links between concepts while preserving the grammatical and syntactic Structure of sentences. This disorganization can reach the level of a verbal jumble known as schizophasia, typical of schizophrenia. See Atactic thinking, Incoherent thinking, Atactic verbal incoherence.

Symbolic thinking is a state of thought in which one concept becomes the symbol for another, sometimes based on accidental, secondary features. It is characteristic of schizophrenia.

Slowed thinking is a thought disorder characterized by restricted associations, monotonous thoughts, and slowed speech. It is observed in depressive states.

Myxophobia is an obsessive fear of sexual intercourse arising from the necessity to expose sexual organs, Touch bodies, etc.

Mimicry (facial expression) refers to the movements of facial muscles; it is one of the forms expressing a person's mental state. Facial expression serves as a special figurative "language" for conveying various shades of feelings, evaluations, and attitudes toward events and phenomena.

Language is a socially conditioned system of verbal signs that serves as a medium of communication, representing the existential form of human thoughts, feelings, and experiences.

Verbal incoherence is a Speech Pathology caused by disorganized thinking, wherein patients lose the capacity for analysis, synthesis, elementary generalization, and logical deduction. The following types of verbal incoherence are distinguished: amenic, choreatic, atactic, and manic (reproductive, egocentric, extrasignal, and assonant).

Monophobia is a mental state manifested by an apprehension of remaining alone; an obsessive fear of solitude.

Moria is a state of foolish cheerfulness accompanied by a loss of initiative drives, observed in organic lesions of the frontal lobes of the brain.

Motive — an incentive causing a person's actions and deeds (that which prompts action).

Motivation — a system of motives that determines specific forms of a person's activity or behavior.

Mutism — a disorder of verbal communication resulting from a mental illness; manifested by groundless silence.

N

Skill — a psychological mechanism that enables an individual to perform a certain action rationally, with appropriate precision and speed, without excessive expenditure of physical and mental energy.

Suggestion (suggestiveness) — any psychological influence of one person on another (a request, order, persuasion) aimed at actualizing or changing certain attitudes, value orientations, or actions of the person who is the object of suggestion.

Obsessive ideas — thoughts that arise in a person and do not correspond to the state of their consciousness at a given moment. They are accompanied by a critical attitude toward them and a struggle against them, meaning the patient wants to get rid of them. They are observed in obsessive-compulsive neurosis, certain forms of schizophrenia, cerebral arteriosclerosis, and neurasthenia.

Obsessive urges and actions — a suddenly arisen urge to perform a certain action, toward which the patient maintains a critical attitude, i.e., understands its absurd nature and tries to fight against it.

Obsessive states — pathological disorders manifested as the persistent repetition of thoughts, memories, doubts, images, fears, urges, or actions independently of the will and desire of the patient, who perceives them as nonsense and strives to get rid of them.

Overvalued ideas — thoughts that dominate and prevail over all others. They arise As a result of real circumstances, but then acquire excessive emotional coloring, begin to dominate the person's consciousness, and influence the thinking process as a whole. All other thoughts are inhibited or, conversely, concentrate, reinforcing the overvalued idea. Ideas that particularly affect the patient's personality become overvalued.

N наркологія — a branch of medicine that studies diseases caused by The Use of psychoactive substances.

Drug addiction — a pathological craving for drugs that causes disruptions in the body's vital Functions and profound mental disorders.

Narcissism — a sexual perversion characterized by sexual self-admiration, gazing at one's own naked body or its individual parts, sometimes accompanied by masturbation.

Compulsive acts — simple actions or movements that a person performs while understanding that this causes pain. They are neither able to fight them nor overcome them.

Pleasure — a mental state arising from the satisfaction of a need, desire, or passion for something.

Mood — a relatively prolonged mental state, a more or less lasting disposition of feelings based on emotions (feelings) — positive or negative.

Dissatisfaction — a person's mental state marked by a negative mood and well-being; characterized by moral and psychological tension and a certain discomfort.

Neuroses — situational-psychogenic diseases arising as a result of a functional disorder ("breakdown") of Higher Nervous Activity due to overstrain of strength, loss of balance and mobility of the main nervous processes (Excitation and Inhibition), and signaling systems. They manifest as disorders of neuropsychic functions, predominantly in the emotional sphere, while self-awareness and criticism are preserved. The following types of neuroses are distinguished: neurasthenia, hysteria, obsessive-compulsive neurosis, etc.

Negativism — an unmotivated counter-impulse, senseless opposition, resistance to any external action, refusal to perform it. Sometimes an irresistible desire to do the opposite. Active negativism (actions contrary to the doctor's instructions or passive movement) and passive negativism (absence of any actions in response to a given instruction) are distinguished.

Dementia — a persistent decline in cognitive activity, the inability to use preserved information, and difficulty in acquiring new information. See Dementia, Oligophrenia.

Concentric dementia — a type of dementia characterized by the gradual focusing of the patient's interests on their own personality and the functions of their body. Thinking becomes sluggish, immobile, viscous, detailed, and concrete. Thoughts fixate on trifles. The patient cannot separate the main from the secondary. Memory deteriorates, individual words are dropped, as a result of which speech becomes impoverished and monotonous. Interests gradually narrow and focus on the somatic sphere. Scientific, social, and professional interests are lost. The process unfolds gradually and concentrically. Characteristic of epilepsy.

Lacunar dementia — a type of dementia characterized by a decline in cognitive activity, with Memory and Attention disorders predominating. The core of the personality, insight, and behavior remain unchanged for a long time. It is most frequently observed in focal brain lesions.

Total dementia — a type of dementia characterized by a complete decline in all forms of cognitive activity. It manifests as weakness of intellect, memory, and attention, a decline in feelings (primarily higher ones), and will. The level of judgment decreases, and insight, behavior, and the core of the patient's personality are impaired. It is observed in senile dementia, progressive paralysis, and other conditions.

Transitory dementia — a type of dementia characterized by weakness in cognitive activity. The pathology develops slowly as a result of the intensification of a destructive process. Functional disorders of higher nervous activity are overt and profound. It develops against the background of reduced energy potential. Despite the absence of memory disorders and a sufficient level of formal knowledge, the patient is completely socially maladjusted and incapable of any practical activity. The disruption of The Unity of mental processes is accompanied by inactivity. Characteristic of schizophrenia (schizophrenic dementia).

Neuroleptics — psychotropic drugs of various structures. The main property of neuroleptics is their antipsychotic effect. They block or reduce hallucinatory and delusional disorders, reduce affective tension and psychomotor agitation, and normalize pathologically altered behavior.

Neuroticism is a character trait expressed in a person's tendency toward neurotic reactions, nervous breakdowns, states of anxiety, and the like.

Necrophilia is the desire to obtain sexual gratification from female corpses.

Necrophobia is a manifestation of obsession, a pathological fear experienced when viewing corpses or thinking about them.

Hatred is a feeling manifested through a sharply negative attitude toward someone or something.

Irresistible impulses and actions are short-term pathological urges that arise suddenly, cannot be inhibited, and are realized in action.

Animosity is a moral and psychological sense of interpersonal rejection.

Absently-mindedness is a collective concept denoting the inability to focus attention on a particular object.

Nihilism is a psychological phenomenon reflecting a destructive mindset, manifested by the denial of traditions and the leveling of values.

Nyctophobia is an obsessive fear of the dark.

Nymphomania is an intensified sexual drive in women, manifested in frequent sexual intercourse or frequent and prolonged masturbation (onanism).

Nosophobia is an obsessive condition manifested by a pathological fear of contracting an incurable disease (e.g., syphilophobia, cancerophobia).

Nootropics are psychotropic drugs with diverse chemical structures that activate higher mental functions and normalize tissue metabolism processes in the Central Nervous System. They improve cortical processes and mental performance, and enhance the brain's integrative capacity for memorization without exciting the central nervous system.

O

Obnubilation is a mild, short-term form of impaired consciousness characterized by moments of lucidity, when the patient regains consciousness for a time and then seems to sink back into a haze.

Indignation is a psychological state of intense dissatisfaction, anger, and disgust toward certain phenomena.

Stupor (obtundation) is a symptom complex characterizing impaired consciousness. The person reacts only to strong (physical or mental) stimuli. Perception of the environment is unclear and vague. Memories are severely limited or absent. Synthesis is difficult. Orientation regarding place and time is severely impaired or lost. Emotions are blunted. Motor activity is absent or diminished.

Oligophrenia, congenital dementia is a type of dementia characterized by delayed intellectual development resulting from causes that operated prenatally or in early childhood (up to 3 years of age). See Debility, Imbecility, Idiocy.

Onanism, masturbation is the experience of sexual gratification achieved not through a normal sexual act, but via mechanical stimulation of the genitals (erogenous zones).

Onychophagia is an obsession manifested by the habit of biting one's Nails.

Orgasm is the culmination of peak sexual pleasure that occurs during sexual intercourse, accompanied by the release of reproductive gland secretions.

Originality is a moral and psychological trait that defines a person's dissimilarity to others, as well as the uniqueness and distinctiveness of their inner spiritual world.

Orientation is the ability to perceive and reflect the surrounding world (place, people, objects, phenomena, time), as well as one's own personality. Impairment of orientation is called disorientation.

Allopsychic orientation is orientation regarding spatial Location, other people, objects, and time.

Autopsychic orientation is orientation regarding one's own person, awareness of one's own body, and distinguishing oneself from the external world.

Personality is an individual, a social entity combining features of universal human significance and individual uniqueness.

P

Palimpsest — a memory disorder characterized by the loss of memory for a specific event following alcohol intoxication. It indicates the onset of chronic alcoholism.

Memory — a mental function of retaining past impressions in consciousness and reproducing experience. One of the fundamental phenomena of human cognitive activity. It is based on four core processes: encoding (memorization), retention, recall, and recognition.

Working memory — a specific type of memory based on information derived from long-term and short-term memory while solving a particular task.

Panic — a feeling of fear, confusion, and helplessness in the face of real or perceived danger threatening an individual or a group of people. This blocks the ability to rationally assess the situation and mobilize volitional resources, leading to significant difficulties in organizing a collective response.

Pantomimic movements — expressive Movements of the entire body or its individual parts.

Paramimia — grotesque grimacing and facial expressions that correspond neither to the content of speech nor to the speaker's actual emotions.

Paramnesia — a pathological mental state manifested by memory disorders resulting from amnesia, where gaps in memory are filled with false memories. Paramnesias are subdivided into confabulations, pseudoreminiscences, and phantasms.

Paranoia — a mental illness characterized by systematized delusions without apparent intellectual impairment, yet lacking critical insight into one's psychophysiological state.

Parapraxia — a distorted alteration of movements acquiring a caricature-like nature.

Parapsychology — hypotheses and concepts related to psychic phenomena that still lack a scientific foundation. This includes extrasensory perception—the reception of information by a person not mediated by sensory organs known to science (telepathy, clairvoyance, etc.).

Parathymia — inadequate emotions. For instance, a patient may laugh while recounting the death of a close relative, or become sad when they should be joyful, or suddenly display aggression toward someone they previously cared for, while being entirely unable to explain such shifts.

Pareidolia — a phenomenon where indefinite, ambiguous forms (stains on a wall, folds in a curtain, wallpaper patterns, carpet designs, etc.) are perceived as animals, monsters, or other recognizable figures.

Passivity — inaction, indifference, spiritual inertia, and sluggishness.

Pathological liar — a type of person who is aware of the falsehood of their statements and the futility of lying, yet is unable to control themselves,

Pathopsychology — a branch of medical psychology that studies the patterns of mental activity disorders and personality traits in disease. The analysis of pathological changes is carried out by comparing them with the normal course of mental processes, states, and traits.

Pederasty — see Homosexuality.

Pedophilia — sexual attraction to children and attempts to engage in sexual acts with them.

Peiraphobia — The Development of an obsessive fear of public speaking, taking exams, etc.

Experience — a psychophysiological state in which a person relates with heightened engagement to the object of their experience.

Perseveration — a thought disorder manifested by the prolonged dominance of a single idea or notion, or the repetition of the same words and answers.

Perception — the reflection of objects and phenomena in human consciousness through the sensory organs.

Pessimism — a worldview imbued with a lack of faith in the future and a mood of hopelessness.

Picacism — a sexual perversion where sexual arousal is achieved through contact with a partner's excretions.

Pyromania — a mental disorder manifested by an irresistible impulse to set fires without any rational motivation.

Pyrophobia is a psychological disorder manifested by an intense fear of fire.

Behavior is a category used to denote a person's aggregate actions and deeds.

Irritability is the ability of a living organism to respond to environmental stimuli.

Concept is one of the primary forms of abstract thinking, reflecting the essential Features of the object under study.

Potator is a person suffering from chronic alcoholism.

Drive is a state of the organism in which

the sensory reflection of a need is directly manifested. It is a phylogenetically inherited reflex (instinctive) reaction (feeding, self-preservation, reproduction) aimed at achieving vital goals. It dynamizes human behavior and serves as the source of its activity.

Hangover is one of the manifestations of alcohol dependence.

Emotion (Feeling) is a mental process that reflects the emotional aspect of a person's inner world, their subjective experience of events, and emotional attitude toward the environment—specifically, toward the satisfaction or frustration of their needs.

Asthenic feelings are emotions that suppress vitality, reduce strength and energy, and induce relaxation (fear, anxiety, etc.).

Sthenic feelings are emotions that enhance and activate human vitality, increase strength, boost energy, and stimulate activity (love, joy).

Principledness is a moral and psychological trait of an individual that defines clarity of stance, loyalty to a specific idea and principles, and consistency in upholding and implementing them in life.

Twilight state of consciousness — see Twilight and clouded states of consciousness syndrome.

Passion is a persistent emotional drive of a person toward a specific object.

Prodromes of a seizure are mental and somatic changes preceding an epileptic attack.

Progressive paralysis is a syphilitic psychosis that leads to total dementia.

Projective techniques are testing Methods used for personality assessment.

Pfropfschizophrenia is schizophrenia occurring in an individual with oligophrenia.

Prereactionary (Drowsy) state is a mild form of consciousness disorder.

Pseudohallucinations are perceptual disorders characterized by the absence of extraprojection of the hallucinatory image.

Pseudodementia is a hysteria-induced state resembling dementia.

Pseudoparalysis is a mental condition of diverse Etiology that mimics progressive paralysis.

Pseudoreminiscences are false memories of real content that did not actually occur during the time period recalled by the patient.

Psychiatry is a clinical medical science that studies mental illnesses.

Psyche is the function of the brain to reflect objective reality.

Psychological trauma is a distressing situation for a patient that triggers mental illness.

Mental processes are Various Forms of psychological activity,

Psychoanaleptics are pharmacological substances that help activate mental functions.

Psychoanalysis is a method of Diagnosis and treatment based on exploring the realm of the subconscious.

Psychogenetics is a field of psychology that borders on genetics.

Psychogenics are mental disorders that develop as a result of severe traumatic events.

Psychohygiene is a branch of medicine that studies the patterns of organizing interpersonal relationships and the environment.

Psychodiagnostics is a branch of psychology focused on the comprehensive analysis of personality.

Psychodysleptics are pharmacological substances that disrupt mental activity.

Psychosis is a disease of the body characterized by primary dysfunctions of the brain.

Psycholeptics are pharmacological substances with a sedative effect.

Psychology is the science of mental processes that serve as constituent com

ponents of human activity and communication.

Psychopathy is a pathological form of mental activity characterized by disharmony in the emotional-volitional sphere and the realm of drives.

Psychopathology is a branch of medicine that studies mental illnesses.

Psychoprophylaxis is the Prevention of mental disorders.

Psychosomatics studies The impact of the psyche on the course of physical processes.

Psychostimulants are pharmacological drugs that exert an activating effect on the psyche.

Psychotherapy is treatment through psychological influence on the patient.

Puerilism is a syndrome whose clinical picture manifests as childlike behavior.

R

Rapport is the ability of a patient in a hypnotic state to maintain verbal contact with the doctor.

Rehabilitation is the restoration of a patient to normal life and work.

Reactive psychoses are psychotic states that develop as a result of a specific conflict-generating situation.

Pathological jealousy is a mental state manifested by groundless suspicion toward the object of love.

Protective regimen — keeping a patient in conditions that promote the strengthening of The Nervous System and rehabilitation measures.

Resonnement (idle talk) — sterile reasoning devoid of concrete practical content.

Relaxation — a means of relieving neuropsychiatric tension.

Reminiscence — a feature of memory that consists in inaccurate reproduction of learned material.

Remission — a temporary improvement in mental state.

Psychic reproduction — the ability to recall events held in memory.

Reflection — self-analysis.

Ritual — compulsive actions performed by patients to relieve a sense of fear.

Comprehension — a mental process aimed at clarifying the essential features, properties, and connections of phenomena.

"Mental rumination" — a tendency to sterile reasoning and operating with concepts detached from reality.

С

Sadism — a sexual perversion manifested by an urge to inflict pain on a partner during sexual intercourse.

Autosuggestion — a person's mental influence on themselves.

Sexology — a branch of science studying human sexual life.

Sexopathology — a branch of medicine that studies disorders of human sexual life.

Cenesthesopathy — various unpleasant bodily sensations that are indefinite yet extremely severe in nature.

Sensitivity — a specific type of human susceptibility.

Malingering — feigned demonstration of feelings or a certain physical state with the intent to mislead someone.

Abstinence syndrome — a condition characterized by somatovegetative and mental disorders that occur after the cessation of administration of substances to which a pathological craving has formed.

Amentia syndrome — clouding of consciousness accompanied by gross impairment of perception and orientation.

Amnestic syndrome — impairment of the ability to memorize and recall.

Anankastic syndrome — obsessive fears, thoughts, and actions.

Apathetic-abulic syndrome — a decrease in emotions and volitional drives for goal-directed activity.

Asthenic syndrome — a state of mental weakness.

Hallucinatory-paranoid syndrome — a complex of hallucinations and delusions.

Ganser syndrome is a variant of hysterical twilight state of consciousness.

Hebephrenic syndrome is an inert euphoria manifested by bizarre, inappropriate merriment, mischievousness, and the like.

Delirious syndrome is a clouding of consciousness accompanied by disorientation in the environment, visual hallucinations, and psychomotor agitation.

Depressive syndrome is a condition characterized by a lowered mood.

Dysmorphophobia syndrome is a morbid condition characterized by the emergence of thoughts about a fabricated, imaginary deformity.

Syndrome of narrowed consciousness is characterized by a constricted range of ideas due to a limitation in the number of associative links.

Syndrome of "intrapsychic ataxia" is characterized by a disruption in the logical reflection of objective reality due to a breakdown of associative connections among mental processes.

Kandinsky-Clérambault syndrome is characterized by a combination of signs of psychic automatism with pseudohallucinations and

ideas of influence.

Catatonic syndrome is a symptom complex of mental disorders, predominantly within the motor sphere.

Korsakoff's syndrome is characterized by memory impairment for recent events while memory for past events remains intact.

Manic syndrome manifests as euphoria, acceleration of thought processes, and enhanced goal-directed activity.

Obsessive syndrome, or obsessive-compulsive state, is characterized by the presence of various intrusive ideas, emotions, drives, and actions.

Oneiric syndrome is a clouding of consciousness characterized by illusory-hallucinatory perception of the surrounding world.

Twilight state of consciousness syndrome is characterized by profound disorientation, distorted perception, fragmentary delusions, and affective reactions.

Paranoid syndrome is characterized by unsystematized delusions.

Paranoid syndrome (paranoia) is characterized by systematized delusions.

Paraphrenic syndrome is characterized by systematized delusions of grandeur.

Pseudodementia syndrome is a condition resembling true dementia.

Psycho-organic syndrome is a mental disorder resulting from organic brain damage, characterized by a combination of intellectual-mnestic impairments and emotional disturbances.

Synkinesia is a discrepancy in sensations upon The stimulation of analyzers.

Syncope is a fainting condition.

Syphilophobia is an obsessive fear of contracting Syphilis.

Sulfur therapy is a type of pynotherapy.

Grief is a state of profound sorrow.

Scotomization of memory — the blocking out or exclusion from memory of information related to psychotraumatic experiences.

Emotional weakness — heightened emotional vulnerability.

Somnambulism — a state of altered consciousness occurring during sleep.

Somnolence — pathological drowsiness.

Somatogenic psychoses — psychotic disorders associated with somatic illnesses.

Sopor — a syndrome of profound impaired consciousness.

Spasmophilia — epileptiform seizures in early childhood.

Perception — the reflection of objects and phenomena.

Senile psychoses — a group of psychoses occurring in old age.

Stereotypy of movement and speech — the repetitive performance of identical words or actions.

Fear — an emotional reaction of an individual to real or imagined danger.

Stress — a psychophysiological state of an individual arising in response to various extreme stimuli.

Stupor — a state of complete immobility accompanied by increased Muscle tone.

Sublimation — the redirection of sexual drives toward socially acceptable activities.

Suggestology — the science studying psychological phenomena of suggestion and autosuggestion.

Judgment — the basic form of thinking in which the presence or absence of certain attributes in objects and phenomena is affirmed or denied.

Suicidal act, suicidal tendency — a drive toward suicide caused by various factors.

Borderline states — see Neurotic disorders.

"Body schema" disturbances — a psychological disorder in which a patient perceives their own body as altered.

T

Thanatophobia — an obsessive fear of sudden death.

Thematic Apperception Test — a projective test used for personality assessment.

Temperament — an individual typological characteristic of a person.

Personality tests — psychological tests designed to study personality.

Psychological tests — a system of Procedures for studying and evaluating individual mental traits and character properties.

Tic — involuntary twitching of certain Muscles of the face, neck, arms, etc.

Toxicophobia — a compulsive condition characterized by an intense fear of being poisoned.

Transitivism — the attribution by a patient of their own experiences to healthy people in their surroundings.

Tranquilizers — psychopharmacological agents that have a calming effect on mental activity.

Trance — a mental disorder characterized by automatic behavioral acts during a state of clouded consciousness.

Transvestism — sexual gratification derived from dressing in the clothing of the opposite sex.

Tremor — involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions.

Triskaidekaphobia — a morbid fear of the number 13.

U

Attention distraction — an attention disorder characterized by a weakening of concentration and stability.

Attention inertia — a disorder of the mechanism for switching attention from one object or phenomenon to another.

Attention fixation — heightened concentration and stability of attention.

Weakness of active attention — the inability to maintain prolonged concentration on a specific task.

Urophobia — an obsessive fear of suddenly feeling the urge to urinate at an inappropriate moment.

Set — a state of readiness for a specific activity aimed at satisfying a particular need.

Condensation — the merger of two concepts into one.

Imagination — a mental process that involves creating images and thoughts based on prior experience.

F

Phagophobia — an obsessive fear associated with eating or swallowing.

Fanaticism — a state of obsession and excessive devotion to certain ideas, views, or causes.

Hysterical phantasms — the fabrication of extraordinary events in order to put oneself in the center of attention.

Paralytic phantasms — absurd fabrications that typically accompany dementia.

Pharyngospasm — a contraction of the pharyngeal muscles caused by a spasm.

Fascination — a method of sudden induction into a hypnotic state.

Fetishism — sexual arousal derived from viewing items of women's apparel.

Physiognomy — the Study of the relationship between a person's psychological makeup, character, and the structure and shape of their face and body.

Flagellant — a person who derives sexual pleasure from being beaten by a sexual partner.

Phobias — obsessive fears.

Photopsias — elementary visual hallucinations.

Photophobia — aversion to light.

Frigidity — reduced sexual desire in women.

Frotteurism — a sexual deviation in which sexual arousal is achieved by rubbing one's genitals against the body or clothing of another person.

Frustration — a mental state that arises in conflict situations that prevent the achievement of a goal.

Phтиsiophobia — an obsessive fear of contracting tuberculosis.

Fugue — a disorder of consciousness in which a person is agitated and acts automatically.

X

Character — a complex of a person's psychological traits.

Chromatopsia — a condition in which objects surrounding a patient acquire an unnatural coloration.

Chromatophobia — an obsessive fear of a particular bright color.

C

Cycloid — a type of personality psychological constitution.

Cyclothymia — a mild form of manic-depressive psychosis.

CH

Callousness — the loss of the ability to empathize.

Sentience — the subjective manifestation of a person's emotional reaction.

SH

Schizoid — a type of personality psychological constitution.

Schizophasia — an extreme variant of speech incoherence, "word salad".

Schizophrenia — a mental illness with a polymorphic presentation that, in an unfavorable course, leads to mental deterioration.

Sperrung — the sudden blocking or omission of thoughts.

Shoub — an attack of the disease.

Yu

Yurodstvo (Holy Foolishness) — a borderline state of human self-humiliation manifested in the form of a grotesque and tragic personality.

Ya

Jactation — restlessness or agitation occurring while confined to bed.

Iatrogeny — a type of psychogeny resulting from interaction with a physician.