Biochemistry - Chemical Reactions in Living Cells, Volume 1 - D. Metzler 1980



Foreword by the Translation Editors

Preface

Setting

The Setting

The Simplest Living Organisms

Mycoplasmas

The Site of Action

Simplest Living Organisms

Escherichia coli

The Setting

The Simplest Living Organisms

The Genome

Simple Living Organisms

Ribonucleic Acids (RNA), Transcription, and Translation of Genetic Information

Simplest Living Organisms

Membranes and Cell Walls

Scene of Action

Simple Living Organisms

Flagella and Pili

The Setting

The Simplest Living Organisms

High Metabolic Rate in Bacteria

Site of Action

Simple Living Organisms

Spore Forms

The Theater of Action

Classification of Bacteria

The Setting

Simplest Living Organisms

Bacterial Nutrition

Simple Living Organisms

Photosynthetic and Nitrogen-Fixing Prokaryotes

Setting the Stage

Eukaryotic Cells

Size and Structure of Eukaryotic Cells

Site of Action

Eukaryotic cells

Nucleus

Setting

Plasma membrane

Location of Action

Cytoplasmic membranes

Location

Mitochondria and plastids

Site of Action

Lysosomes and microbodies

Setting the Scene

Eukaryotic Cells

Centrioles, Cilia, Flagella, and Microtubules

Setting the Stage

Cell Envelopes, Walls, and Shells

The Scene of Action

Evolution of Complex Organisms

Setting the Stage

Gene Duplication

The Setting

Sex, Chromosomes, and Cell Division

The Theater of Life

Mitosis and Meiosis

Setting the Stage

Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes

The Setting

The Evolution of Complex Organisms

Haploid and Diploid Cells

Setting the Scene

The Kingdom Protista

Protozoa

The Setting

The Kingdom of Protists

Fungi

Setting the Scene

Kingdom Protista

Algae

Setting

Lichens

The Site of Action

Multicellular Organisms

Diversity of Animal Forms

Site of Action

Types of Animal Cells and Tissues

Intercellular Contacts and Interactions

Higher Plants and Plant Tissues

Regulation of Chemical Processes in the Cell

Regulation of Chemical Processes within the Cell

References

The molecules we are made of

The Molecules We Are Made Of

Principles of Small Molecule Architecture

Bond Angles

Bond Lengths

The molecules of which we are made

Principles of small molecule architecture

Contact distances

The Molecules We Are Made Of

Principles of Small Molecule Construction

Asymmetry: Right- and Left-Handed Molecules

The Molecules of Which We Are Made

Configuration Description Using RS Notation

The Molecules We Are Made Of

Conformations: The Various Shapes a Molecule Can Adopt

The molecules we are made of

Principles of small molecule architecture

Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions

The Molecules We Are Made Of

Principles of Small Molecule Architecture

Tautomerism

Resonance

Proteins

The Molecules of Which We Are Made

α-Amino Acids

The Molecules We Are Made Of

Polypeptides

Conformations of Peptide Chains

Globular Proteins

Disulfide Bonds

The Molecules of Which We Are Made

Sizes and Shapes of Protein Molecules

The Molecules We Are Made Of

Conformational Changes in Polypeptides

Sugars and Polysaccharides

Structure and Properties of Sugars

Oligosaccharides

Polysaccharides

The Molecules of Which We Are Made

Peptidoglycans and Glycoproteins

The Molecules We Are Made Of

Conformation of Polysaccharide Chains

Nucleic Acids

Nomenclature and Abbreviations

Functional Groups of Nucleic Acids

Chemical Reactions Involving Polynucleotides

Nucleotide Conformations

The molecules we are made of

Nucleic acids

Double helices

The Molecules We Are Made Of

Nucleic Acids

Base Pairs

Tautomerism and Base Pairing

Nucleotide Composition of DNA and RNA

Circular and supercoiled structures; intercalation

The Molecules of Which We Are Made

Denaturation and Hybridization

The Molecules We Are Made Of

DNA Conformation in Palindromes

Lipids

Building Blocks of Lipids

The Molecules of Which We Are Made

Lipid Fatty Acids

The Molecules We Are Made Of

Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate

Some Small Molecules and Ions

Inorganic Components

Selective Ion Accumulation

The Molecules of Which We Are Made

Selected Small Molecules and Ions

Functions of Inorganic Ions

The Molecules We Are Made Of

Chemical Composition of Cells

How We Study Molecular Structure

Separation

The molecules we are made of

How we study molecular structure

Hydrolysis

The Molecules We Are Made Of

How We Study Molecular Structure

Selective Cleavage of Chemical Bonds

The molecules we are made of

How we study molecular structure

Methods based on end-group labeling

The Molecules We Are Made Of

How We Study Molecular Structure

Product Analysis

The Molecules of Which We Are Made

Determination of Molecular Weight

The Molecules We Are Made Of

Conformation of Macromolecules

References

Bioenergetics of Biochemical Reactions

Energetics of Biochemical Reactions

Thermodynamics

System and Its Surroundings

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Bioenergetics of Biochemical Reactions

Enthalpy Change and Thermochemistry

Enthalpy and Processes at Constant Pressure

Heat of Combustion and Caloric Value of "Physiological Fuel"

Energetics of Biochemical Reactions

Entropy and Heat Transfer

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Bioenergetics of Biochemical Reactions

Determination of Entropy via Heat Capacity

Bioenergetics

Criterion for Spontaneity of a Process

Bioenergetics of Biochemical Reactions

Standard States

Energetics of Biochemical Reactions

Summation of Free Energy Changes

Reactions in Solution

Bioenergetics of Biochemical Reactions

∆G0 and Equilibrium Constant

Activity Coefficients and Apparent Equilibrium Constant

Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium

Tables of ∆G⁰ Values for Biochemical Compounds

Standard Free Energy of Formation

Energetics of Biochemical Reactions

Tables of ∆G0 Values for Biochemical Compounds

Free Energy of Proton Dissociation

Bioenergetics of Biochemical Reactions

Group Transfer Potentials

Energetics of Biochemical Reactions

"Constants" that Vary with pH

Tables of ∆Gº Values for Biochemical Compounds

Role of Metal Ions

Bioenergetics of Biochemical Reactions

Tables of ∆G0 Values for Biochemical Compounds

Discrepancies in Data Obtained by Different Authors

Bond Energies and Approximate Methods for Estimating Thermodynamic Quantities

Standard Free Energy of Combustion in the Presence of O2 and NAD+

Energetics of Biochemical Reactions

Electrode Potentials and Free Energy Changes for Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Electrode potentials and free energy change for oxidation-reduction reactions

Measurement of electrode potentials

Thermodynamics and Vital Processes

Bioenergetics of Biochemical Reactions

Bacterial Growth Efficiency

Linear Free-Energy Relationships

References

How molecules interact with one another

The principle of complementarity

How molecules join together

Forces acting between molecules

Formation constants and dissociation constants

Van der Waals forces

Attraction between charged groups (electrostatic forces)

Hydrogen bonds and the structure of water

Hydrophobic bonds

How molecules bind to each other

Quantitative evaluation of binding strength

Data analysis

How molecules combine with one another

Multiple binding sites on a single molecule

How Molecules Interact with One Another

Quantitative Evaluation of Binding Affinity

Microscopic Binding Constants

How molecules bind to each other

Quantitative evaluation of binding affinity

Tautomerism and proton binding

How molecules bind to one another

Quantitative assessment of binding strength

Statistical effects

Quantitative evaluation of binding strength

Electrostatic repulsion. Anticooperativity

How molecules join together

Cooperative processes

How molecules bind to one another

Metal ion binding

How Molecules Join Together

Macromolecular Packing

Oligomers with Cyclic Symmetry

How molecules join together

Macromolecular packing

Helical structures

How molecules bind to each other

Isologic bonds: pairwise interactions

How molecules join together

Macromolecular packaging

Oligomers containing both heterologous and isologous bonds

Macromolecular packing

Oligomers with cubic symmetry (polyhedra)

How molecules bind to each other

Macromolecular packaging

Icosahedral viral particles

How molecules join together

Macromolecule packaging

Quasi-equivalence of subunit conformation

How molecules interact with one another

Macromolecular packing

Oligomers containing different types of subunits

How molecules combine with each other

Cooperative conformational changes

Unequal substrate binding and induced fit

How molecules interact with one another

Oligomer formation

How molecules join together

Binding equilibria for a dimerizing protein

Higher-order oligomers

Hemoglobin

Allosteric regulators

Comparative biochemistry of hemoglobin: abnormal hemoglobins

How Molecules Interact with One Another

Muscles

Structural Organization of Striated Muscle

Contraction in Non-Muscle Cells

How molecules join together

Self-assembly of macromolecular structures

How molecules combine with each other

References

Membranes and Cell Walls

Membrane Structure

Lipid Bilayer Membrane Model

Artificial Membranes

Lipid Components of Membranes

Physical Properties of Membranes Determined by Their Lipid Composition

Two Sides of the Membrane

Membrane Proteins

Metabolism and Membrane Functions

Metabolism and Functions of Membranes

Fluidity of Membrane Components

Metabolism and Membrane Functions

Transport of Molecules Across Membranes

Nerve Impulse Conduction

Antigens and Receptors on the Cell Surface

Cell Surface Antigens and Receptors

Blood Group Antigens

Histocompatibility Antigens

Antigens and Receptors on the Cell Surface

Protein Agglutinins (Lectins)

Antibody Binding to Cell Surfaces

Hormone Receptors

Structure of Bacterial Cell Walls

Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Wall

Teichoic Acids

Plant Cell Walls

References