Human Anatomy (with Fundamentals of Dynamic and Sports Morphology) - Ivanitsky, M. F. 2008

Foreword

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To the 5th Edition

This fifth edition of the textbook "Human Anatomy" is a jubilee edition. It is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of its author, the prominent Soviet scientist in the field of functional and sports anatomy, Mikhail Fedorovich Ivanitsky, and is published 20 years after the last, fourth edition. The reason for such enduring attention to the scientist's work is not only that it served as the foundation for the anatomical training of several generations of students in higher and secondary educational institutions, future coaches, and physical education teachers, eventually becoming a bibliographic rarity. Above all, M. F. Ivanitsky was the creator of an original system of teaching anatomy. Creatively developing the ideas of P. F. Lesgaft, N. I. Pirogov, I. M. Sechenov, and I. P. Pavlov, he approached the creation of an anatomy textbook from novel, fundamental Perspectives.

The core principle of this system is functionality and dynamism: examining anatomical facts through the lens of motor activity characteristics. This gave rise to dynamic anatomy, which M. F. Ivanitsky integrated into the human anatomy curriculum. THE PRINCIPLE OF dynamism necessitated studying Muscle anatomy in connection with the body movements they produce. The topographic-anatomical approach, recognized as paramount in medical anatomy for describing the muscular system, took a back seat, although it is still utilized in certain cases.

The second principle is a comprehensive approach utilizing data from macro-, macromicro-, and microscopic anatomy. Therefore, following the characterization of bone or Striated Muscle tissue in the chapter "Introduction to Anatomy," a description of macromicroscopic structures is provided; similarly, right after Nervous Tissue (in the same chapter), the intrafascicular Structure of nerves and their sheaths is examined. Including cellular and tissue structure Materials in the anatomy course, and combining these data with information on organ construction (issues of Cytology and Histology), is not an end in itself, but rather a method for gaining a deeper understanding of the macromicroscopic Components of the human body.

Human Anatomy

The third principle is a strong emphasis on theoretical and general methodological issues. Evidence of this can be found in the deeply substantive Introductory Remarks to each section of anatomy, which describe body structure by systems and were elevated by M. F. Ivanitsky to the rank of "doctrines." This theoretical and methodological mindset, which is particularly evident in the chapter "Introduction to Anatomy," has been preserved wherever possible in the new chapters dedicated to sports and differential Morphology.

As already noted, a characteristic feature of the anatomy teaching system developed by M. F. Ivanitsky was dynamic anatomy, functioning both as an independent section and as a pervasive, cross-cutting principle in the examination of anatomical facts. M. F. Ivanitsky envisioned the placement of dynamic anatomy immediately following the Description of the structure of The Musculoskeletal System. The experience accumulated by sports anatomists in recent years, as well as future Prospects, dictates the necessity of including information on The Heart, Blood Vessels, viscera, and other Internal Organs (alongside data on bones, joints, and Muscles) in the anatomical evaluation of body positions and movements. This serves as a logical transition to the content of sports morphology that is taking shape before our eyes. For this reason, in the present edition of the textbook, the anatomical analysis of body positions and movements is examined not before, but after the doctrines concerning the systems that support and regulate motor activity. Attaching special importance to this section, we designate it as The Doctrine of Dynamic Morphology.

Dynamic, differential, and sports morphology serve to provide anatomical and anthropological support for modern sports, addressing crucial issues in athletic Selection and orientation, the rationalization of the training process, and the optimization of mass physical culture and health-improving activities among the population, among other areas.

Human anatomy, in its application to physical culture and sports, is developing progressively, enriching itself with the data and Methods of related sciences: human biology, anthropology, experimental morphology, genetics, and others. By the early 1980s, the morphological foundations of physical culture and sports had structurally taken shape, comprising a classical anatomy course, dynamic morphology (the anatomical component of sports kinesiology and sports Topographical Anatomy), sports morphology (a synthesis of sports anatomy and sports anthropology), and differential morphology (combining age and Constitutional Morphology with the Morphological Characteristics of Sexual Dimorphism).

Preface

In undertaking the re-edition of M. F. Ivanitsky's textbook, the editorial board treated the scientist's printed heritage with great care. The need to reduce the volume of the text, update its content in light of modern scientific advancements, and introduce new sections in accordance with current curriculum requirements made it inevitable in some cases to alter the letter, though never the spirit, of this classic academic and educational publication. The textbook's original illustrations have been preserved wherever possible. As in the fourth edition, Anatomical Terminology is presented in accordance with the Paris Nomina Anatomica. Eliminating Latin terms from the text required replacing them with Russian equivalents, taking into account the normative list of terms approved by the VIII All-Union Congress of Anatomists, Histologists, and Embryologists (1974). Histological terms are given in Russian METABOLISM/31.html">Transcription According to the list approved by this congress, with additions adopted at the X International Congress of Anatomists in Tokyo (1975).

In the fifth edition of the book, chapters 1–5 were edited by B. A. Nikityuk and A. A. Gladysheva, and chapters 6–8 by B. A. Nikityuk and F. V. Sudzilovsky. Chapters 9, 10, and 13, as well as the preface and Appendix, were written by B. A. Nikityuk; chapters 11 and 12 were written by B. A. Nikityuk and A. A. Gladysheva utilizing materials by M. F. Ivanitsky. The sections on the anatomy of The Lymphatic system and immune system organs (chapter 5) were newly written by B. A. Nikityuk and A. A. Gladysheva.

The editorial board expresses its gratitude to the official reviewers of the book—Professors V. P. Strelnikov and V. G. Petrukhin—for their critical Analysis of the manuscript, valuable comments, and recommendations, and acknowledges Professor M. A. Dhafarov for his assistance in determining the content of chapters 11 and 12, as well as Professor V. Sh. Belkin for his advice regarding chapters 9, 10, and 13.

The authors are grateful to all staff members of the Department of Anatomy and Sports Morphology at the State Central Order of Lenin Institute of Physical Culture (GCOLIFK) who participated in preparing the textbook for publication.

The editorial team will gratefully accept readers' advice and comments.

1985