General and Sports Anatomy - L.V. Kapilevich, K.V. Davletyarova 2008

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Urogenital System

Includes: Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra (Figure 27).

Kidneys.

A paired parenchymal organ located from the 11th thoracic to the 3rd lumbar vertebra.

Bean-shaped; on the medial side is the renal hilum, where Blood Vessels and ureters enter. The hilum leads into the renal sinus.

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Figure 27. Organs of the Urinary System.

The Kidney is covered by membranes: internally, the fibrous capsule; superficial to it, the adipose capsule; and the renal fascia, which anchors the kidney to the Peritoneum, while the serous membrane covers the anterior surface of the kidney.

Structure OF THE kidney: renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis.

The kidney is composed of nephrons. A nephron consists of a capsule containing a capillary glomerulus—a three-layer filtration barrier formed by capsule epithelial Cells, a basement membrane, and capillary endothelium. Its function is filtration, resulting in the Formation of primary urine.

Next, the renal tubules (proximal convoluted tubule) form the Loop of Henle, which ascends into the renal cortex. Its function is the reabsorption of Water and the Formation of secondary (definitive) urine, which flows through collecting ducts into the renal pelvis.

Ureter.

A hollow organ. A tube measuring approximately 30 cm in length. Layers: mucosa, muscular layer, adventitia.

Urinary bladder.

A hollow organ with a capacity of 500–700 ml. It has a base and an apex. The mucosa forms folds that flatten as the organ fills. The muscular layer forms the detrusor Muscle, which expels urine.

Urethra.

A hollow organ. In males, it is about 18 cm long, passing through the Prostate Gland, where the seminal ducts open into it. It passes through a (voluntary) sphincter and extends through the Penis.

In females, it is shorter—3–3.5 cm—and opens into the Vestibule of the Vagina.

Male reproductive organs.

Testes, epididymides, Ductus Deferentes (vas deferens), Seminal Vesicles, prostate gland, penis.

Testis—located in the Scrotum, consisting of 250–350 lobules containing seminiferous tubules, where Spermatogenesis takes place. The tubules form a network, followed by 12–18 efferent ductules (which form the Epididymis).

The Ductus deferens ascends (measuring about 50 cm) and, along the wall of the urinary bladder, forms the seminal vesicles—a reservoir for sperm accumulation.

Prostate gland. Chestnut-shaped, measuring 2×4 cm in diameter. The Spermatic Cord passes through it. It also contains muscle fibers that form the involuntary urethral sphincter.

Penis: two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS.

Ovaries, uterine tubes, Uterus, vagina, mammary gland.

Ovary - ellipsoid shape, 5-8 cm. Cortex and medulla, follicles.

Fallopian tubes. From the uterus - uterine opening to the ovaries - abdominal opening. 3 layers - middle, muscular, mucous.

Uterus. Pear-shaped - fundus, body, cervix.

The uterus is fixed by ligaments (broad and round - prone to rupture), yet mobile. It has layers: endometrium (mucous), myometrium (longitudinal, circular, longitudinal), perimetrium (serous).

Vagina. A tube 8-10 cm long with 3 layers, the upper part is the vaginal fornix. Muscular layer - smooth Muscles, longitudinal fibers are more developed than the circular ones.

Vestibule of the vagina, Labia Majora and minora, Clitoris (corpora cavernosa - 2).

Mammary gland. Approximately at the level of the 3rd - 6th Ribs. It consists of lobules, each having lactiferous ducts that converge at the nipple.