General and Sports Anatomy - L.V. Kapilevich, K.V. Davletyarova 2008

Splanchnology
Respiratory System

It includes the respiratory tract and Lungs (Figure 26).

The respiratory tract has rigid walls due to cartilaginous support.

I. Nose.

II. Larynx — has a cartilaginous Skeleton and Muscles; an additional function is the vocal apparatus. Cartilages: unpaired — thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis; paired — arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform.

Class="center">

Figure 26. Organs of the Respiratory system.

Glottis.

III. Trachea. A hollow organ. A tube 11-13 cm long, consisting of 16-20 incomplete hyaline rings, with muscular, mucous, and serous membranes.

IV. Bronchi: primary — right and left. They branch into lobar bronchi, with the muscular layer increasing along their course. A hollow organ.

V. Lung. A parenchymatous organ. It has an apex and a base. Lobes: right lung — 3 lobes, 10 segments; left lung — 2 lobes, 9 segments. Segments are subdivided into lobules. Terminal bronchioles enter each lobule, forming an acinus, on the walls of which are alveoli, including alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs. The sacs are surrounded by a capillary network where O2 - CO2 exchange takes place.

Externally, the lungs are covered by the Pleura, which forms the pleural cavity.



Last update: 08/08/2026

Editorial and Educational Adaptation: This material has been compiled based on the primary/original source text. The project team performed an editorial review, corrected technical inaccuracies, structured sections, and adapted the content for an educational format.

What was processed:

  • elimination of formatting defects (OCR errors, structural breaks, corrupted characters);
  • editorial organization of content;
  • standardization of terminology in accordance with academic sources;
  • verification of factual statements against the original source text.

All mentions of the author, publication year, and origin of the primary text have been preserved in accordance with the source.