PLANT REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY - N. L. Kolyasnikova - 2017

Conclusion

In recent decades, The Study of the EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL factors on plant organisms has become increasingly relevant. Plant stress leads to functional disorders and disruptions in generative processes. Data from reproductive biology provide Answers to a wide range of questions regarding the formation and Organization of generative structures, as well as the mechanisms of pollination, Fertilization, and seed formation in plants, helping to identify the causes of low seed productivity.

Effectively solving Structure/149.html">The problem of biodiversity conservation and organizing the protection of individual plant species requires a comprehensive understanding of various issues, with the study of reproductive biology—and specifically the seed reproduction biology of a species—playing a paramount role. Increasing crop yields and developing and implementing breeding programs are impossible without research in reproductive biology. Today, as the issues of creating highly productive varieties, utilizing new species of useful plants, obtaining viable seeds from hybrids, and identifying critical periods in the plant life cycle become ever more pressing, There is a critical need to train professionals capable of conducting fundamental and applied research at a high, modern scientific level.

ABIOTIC POLLINATION - pollination mediated by non-living agents.

AUTOGAMY - self-pollination in plants.

ANDROECIUM - the aggregate of stamens (microsporophylls) of a flower.

APOCARP - a fruit formed by several free (unfused) carpels.

ATAVISM - the reappearance in certain organisms of a given species of traits that were present in distant ancestors.

ATTRACTANTS - natural or synthetic substances that attract animals, especially insects.

Primary - pollen and nectar, which serve as food for pollinators.

Secondary - flower coloration and scent, which attract pollinators.

ARCHESPORIUM - a group of Cells within the nucellus tissue that differentiate into megasporocytes; a group of cells in the anther that differentiate into microsporocytes.

BIOMORPH - the external appearance of a plant developed at the population level under the Influence of Environmental conditions.

BIOTIC POLLINATION - pollination mediated by living agents: insects, birds, and other animals.

SUPERIOR Ovary - a type of ovary attached by its base to the receptacle, without fusing with any other flower parts.

GEITONOGAMY - pollination between flowers of the same or different inflorescences on a single plant.

GYNOECIUM - the aggregate of carpels that produce ovules.

DIOECY - the presence in a population of plants bearing exclusively male flowers and plants bearing exclusively female flowers.

DIASPORE - a unit of dissemination consisting of a plant part of various morphological origins (spore, seed, fruit, tuber, etc.).

DICHOGAMY - the asynchronous maturation of pollen and the pistil stigma within an individual flower, which prevents self-fertilization.

OVARY - the lower part of the pistil from which the fruit develops; the receptacle for ovules that develop into seeds.

EMBRYO SAC - the female gametophyte.

INTEGUMENT - the outer protective layer of the ovule nucellus that forms the micropyle and subsequently develops into the seed coat.

INTINE - the inner cellulosic wall of a pollen grain from which the pollen tube develops.

CARPOLOGY is a branch of plant Morphology that focuses on the shape, structure, Classification, and study of fruits and seeds.

CLEISTOGAMY is pollination that occurs within a closed flower.

SEED PRODUCTIVITY COEFFICIENT is the average number of seeds formed in a single fruit, divided by the potential seed productivity and expressed as a percentage.

LABORATORY SEED GERMINATION is the percentage of normally germinated seeds in an analytical sample under optimal germination conditions over a specified period of time.

MEGASPOROGENESIS is The process of megaspore formation from megaspore mother cells.

MESOCARP is the Middle layer of the pericarp.

MICROPYLE is the canal formed by the integuments at the apical region of the ovule.

MICROSPOROGENESIS is The formation of microspores within the anthers.

MONOCARP is a fruit formed from a single carpel.

INFERIOR OVARY is a type of ovary positioned below the receptacle, with the other floral parts attached at its apex.

NUCELLUS is the central tissue of the ovule where meiocytes differentiate, megaspores are formed, and the embryo sac develops.

PARTHENOCARPY is The Development of fruit on a plant without fertilization.

CROSS-Pollination and Fertilization is The transfer of pollen between plants, ensuring the pollination and fertilization of a flower by the pollen of another plant.

PERIPLASMODIAL TAPETUM is characterized by the early breakdown of Cell walls and the fusion of their Cytoplasm into a multinucleate periplasmodium that invades the space between microspore mother cells.

PERISPERM is a nutritive tissue in plant seeds containing reserve substances derived from the partially persistent Cells of the nucellus.

FRUIT is a modified flower that develops from the ovary following fertilization or parthenogenetic Development of the egg cell; it encloses the seeds and serves a protective function, aiding in their preservation and dispersal.

HALF-INFERIOR OVARY is a type of ovary in which the perianth and stamens are fused only with its lower half.

DORMANCY is a physiological state of seeds in which visible growth ceases while latent structural processes are maintained.

Forced dormancy is caused by environmental factors.

Organic dormancy is caused by internal factors (such as growth inhibitors).

Exogenous dormancy is caused by The properties of the seed coat or pericarp.

Endogenous dormancy is caused by the Properties of the embryo.

POROGAMY is the standard pathway for the pollen tube to enter the ovule through the micropyle.

POTENTIAL SEED PRODUCTIVITY (PSP) is the number of fertilized ovules per generative SHOOT or individual plant.

PROTANDRY is the earlier maturation of stamens compared to pistil stigmas within flowers.

PROTEROGYNY - the earlier maturation of pistil stigmas in flowers compared to the stamens.

PSEUDOMONOCARPY - externally resembling monocarps, yet originating from a gynoecium that initially develops 2 or more carpels.

PSEUDOCOMPATIBILITY - a phenomenon where fertilization can occur under specific conditions despite the presence of incompatibility mechanisms.

POLLEN GRAINS - male gametophytes. They develop from microspores and contain vegetative and generative nuclei.

REAL SEED PRODUCTIVITY (RSP) - the number of seeds formed per generative shoot or individual plant.

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY - a branch of modern botany that emerged at the intersection of Embryology and various botanical disciplines.

REPRODUCTION - the increase in the number of biological structures.

SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY - the inability of a pollen tube from the flower's own pollen grain to grow the full length of the pistil style and achieve fertilization.

SECRETORY TAPETUM - a tapetum whose protoplasts remain enclosed within their own cell walls.

SEED - a specialized multicellular structure of complex organization serving for the reproduction and dissemination of seed plants, typically developing after fertilization from an ovule and containing an embryo, seed coat, and a nutrient reserve.

OVULE - a multicellular structure in seed plants from which the seed develops. It represents the female sporangium (megasporangium).

SYNERGIDS - two cells of the embryo sac (accompanying the egg cell) that form a single complex with the egg cell, known as the egg apparatus. Their primary role is to attract pollen tubes to the embryo sac, facilitate the release of the pollen tube contents, and ensure the precise delivery of sperm cells to the egg cell and the central Nucleus of the embryo sac.

SCARIFICATION - the partial disruption of the integrity of a hard, waterproof seed coat to facilitate Water imbibition and germination, thereby increasing the germination percentage. Distinctions are made between mechanical scarification (abrading seeds with sandpaper, sand, etc.) and chemical scarification (treating seeds with sulfuric acid followed by washing with water, etc.).

POLLEN STERILITY - the inability of mature pollen to effect fertilization.

STRATIFICATION - measures applied prior to planting to accelerate seed germination and enhance germination rates.

TAPETUM - the inner, lining layer of cells within anthers.

HARD-SEEDEDNESS - impermeability of the seed coat.

PHENOLOGY - a system of knowledge and collection of data regarding seasonal natural phenomena, the timing of their occurrence, and the factors determining this timing.

PHENOPHASE - regularly and predictably recurring stages of GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT in a plant and its individual Organs.

PHENOLOGICAL SPECTRUM - a graphical representation of the seasonal development of PLANT AND ANIMAL species and their communities.

POLLEN FERTILITY - the ability of mature pollen to effect fertilization.

FUNICULUS - the seed stalk, the basal part of the ovule connecting it to the Placenta or seed-bearing surface.

CHALAZA - the basal region of the ovule where the bases of the nucellus, integuments, and funiculus merge into a single structure.

COENOCARPS - fruits formed from fused carpels.

EXOCARP - the outermost layer of the pericarp.

EXINE - the outer wall of a pollen grain.

ECOLOGICAL NICHE - the set of environmental factors within which a particular species of Organism lives.

ENDOCARP - the inner layer of the pericarp.

ENDOSPERM - a specialized tissue that nourishes the embryo.

ENDOTHECIUM - the layer of the anther wall bearing fibrous thickenings that facilitate anther dehiscence during pollen grain maturation.

SEED GERMINATION ENERGY - the percentage of normally germinated seeds out of the initial sample, counted within a period specified by the state standard (GOST) for each crop after sowing.

EPIDERMIS - the outer layer of the anther wall.