Human Anatomy and Physiology - I. V. Gayvoronsky 2011
Metabolism and Energy
Regulation of Metabolism
METABOLISM, encompassing the exchange of matter and energy, is a fundamental property of all bodily Cells and Tissues. Consequently, the REGULATION OF METABOLISM implies the control of numerous physiological Functions, including Respiration, Digestion, Blood Circulation, and excretion. The Nervous system—specifically the Hypothalamus—plays a significant role in this regulatory process. This region of the Brain contains several crucial centers, such as those governing hunger and satiety, thirst, and thermoregulation, which execute their functions via the Autonomic nervous system. Furthermore, the hypothalamus and the adjacent Pituitary Gland coordinate The activity of virtually all Endocrine glands.
The Endocrine System exerts a decisive influence on The regulation of METABOLISM AND ENERGY Balance. Hormones directly affect the rates of biochemical transformations within cells, and their combined action on individual cells induces functional changes throughout the entire Organism. A few Examples illustrate this hormonal influence on metabolism: Growth Hormone (somatotropin) produced by the pituitary gland exhibits a pronounced anabolic effect, accelerating the synthesis of structural components and thereby promoting growth; catecholamines secreted by The adrenal medulla enhance oxidative processes and energy production; and the THYROID HORMONES thyroxine and triiodothyronine stimulate Protein Synthesis from Amino Acids while simultaneously activating The breakdown of fats and CARBOHYDRATES. The effects of hormones on metabolism will be examined in greater detail in Chapter 18, «The Endocrine System».
1. Define THE CONCEPT OF «metabolism».
2. What types of metabolic processes take place in The Human Body?
3. What functions does Water perform in the human body?
4. What are the human body's nutritional requirements for Proteins, fats, and carbohydrates?
5. List the Functions of Proteins.
6. Describe Structure/19.html">The Importance of Lipids for humans.
7. What is nitrogen balance? List its different types.
8. How are Vitamins classified, and what role do they play in the body?
9. Define basal metabolic rate.
10. What role does the endocrine system play in the regulation of metabolism?
Last update: 08/08/2026
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