MEDICAL BOTANY - A.G. Serbin - 2003

SECTION 2. MORPHOLOGY. REPRODUCTION

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-ASSESSMENT

Morphology

1. What does plant morphology study?

2. Define the following concepts: "organ", "metamorphosis", "reduction".

3. Which Organs are considered homologous? Provide Examples.

4. Which organs are considered analogous? Provide examples.

5. What do the terms "polarity", "Symmetry", "polymerization", and "oligomerization" mean?

6. Which taxonomic groups of plant organisms possess organs?

7. Which organs are classified as vegetative, and what is their role in plant life support?

8. Which organs are classified as generative, and what is their function?

Vegetative Organs

ROOT

1. Define the root and outline its Functions.

2. Name the types of roots based on their origin.

3. WHAT IS A root system? What Water/117.html">Types of Root systems exist, and how do they develop in major plant taxonomic groups?

4. List the metamorphoses of roots and explain their significance.

5. Why are the roots and root modifications of certain plants used as food as well as medicinal plant Materials? Provide examples.

SHOOT and Its Parts

1. What is a shoot? How does it differ from a root?

2. Which plant groups belong to the subkingdom of higher plants (Embryophyta), or cormophytes (Cormophyta)?

3. What is an embryonic shoot called? What are the types of embryonic shoots, along with their Structure AND FUNCTIONS?

4. What is the axial part of the shoot called? What are its morphological features and functions?

5. Describe The Diversity of stems in terms of their spatial orientation, cross-sectional shape, surface texture, and other characteristics.

6. Identify the types of shoots.

7. What are the modes of growth and types of shoot branching?

8. Define METABOLISM/2.html">THE CONCEPT OF a plant life form.

9. Specify the characteristics of woody life forms: trees, shrubs, subshrubs, and dwarf shrubs.

10. Which life forms are referred to as herbaceous, and into what groups are they subdivided?

11. Define a leaf.

12. Outline the parts of a leaf, their origin, structural features, and functions.

13. List the types of leaves and provide plant examples.

14. How are simple leaves classified?

15. What criteria determine the shape of a leaf blade? Name the most common shapes of entire leaf blades.

16. Based on what features and how are simple leaves with lobed or dissected blades classified?

17. Why can dissected leaves sometimes be confused with compound leaves? What are their key differences?

18. How are compound leaves classified?

19. Which part of pinnately compound leaves is referred to as the rachis?

20. What features account for the Morphological diversity of leaves?

21. What macroscopic characteristics of a leaf are typically noted when identifying a species or describing Medicinal plant raw materials?

22. Name the subterranean metamorphoses of shoots and describe their structure and functions.

23. What aerial modifications occur in shoots? What is their purpose?

24. What metamorphoses can occur in leaves or their parts? What is their purpose, and how do they differ from analogous shoot metamorphoses?

25. Can morphological features of a leaf indicate whether a plant belongs to a specific Class? Justify your answer.

26. Provide examples of diverse Applications of leaves in the national economy.

27. Which medicinal plants yield leaves as their raw herbal material?

Generative organs

1. Define generative organs. Name the reproductive organs of angiosperms, gymnosperms, mosses, clubmosses, horsetails, and ferns.

2. What are inflorescences? Describe their origin, parts, and biological role.

3. On The basis of what features are inflorescences classified?

4. Name and characterize simple monopodial inflorescences. Give examples of medicinal plants with such inflorescences.

5. Name and characterize complex monopodial inflorescences. Give examples of medicinal plants with such inflorescences.

6. Characterize sympodial inflorescences and give examples of plants that possess them.

7. What are aggregate inflorescences, and how are they subdivided?

8. What are the Characteristic Features of thyrse inflorescences?

9. What is the modern interpretation of the Origin of the flower and the directions of its evolution?

10. Which PARTS OF THE flower are of stem origin?

11. What shapes can the receptacle have?

12. What is the difference between cyclic, acyclic, and hemicyclic flowers?

13. What determines flower symmetry? Indicate the types of flower symmetry and provide examples.

14. Which parts of the flower are of foliar (leaf) origin?

15. What is the perianth? Name its types. What are flowers without a perianth called?

16. Characterize the structure, functions, morphological diversity of forms, and metamorphoses of the calyx and its constituent parts—sepals; provide examples.

17. Characterize the structure, functions, morphological diversity of forms, and metamorphoses of the corolla and its constituent parts—petals; provide examples.

18. What are the calyculus (epicalyx), hypanthium, and corona (paracorolla)?

19. Which parts of the flower are considered fertile? What determines the sex of a flower, and what sexual types of flowers are distinguished?

20. What parts do stamens consist of, and what is their role?

21. Explain the terms: "staminode", "heterostyly".

22. What is the androecium? Indicate the possible types of androecium using examples of medicinal plant flowers, and write them down using conventional symbols.

23. Define the following concepts: "carpel", "simple pistil", "compound pistil".

24. What parts does a complete pistil consist of? What is their role and structural Specificity?

25. How are ovules structured? What is their purpose?

26. What is the gynoecium? Name and characterize the types of gynoecium and Ovary positions, write them down using conventional symbols, and provide examples.

27. What are the rules for writing a FLORAL FORMULA AND drawing a floral diagram?

28. What is The Significance of The structure of floral parts in plant Taxonomy and the identification of medicinal raw materials?

29. What is the Biological Significance of flowering? What determines the varying duration of flowering in plants?

30. What is pollination? What are the Methods, types, and evolutionary trends of pollination?

31. Provide examples of Plant Adaptations for self-pollination and mechanisms for its Prevention.

32. What is The Essence and biological significance of Double Fertilization in angiosperms?

33. What develops from the triploid and diploid zygotes following double fertilization?

34. How do floral parts transform after double fertilization?

35. On what basis do some authors classify fruits into true and false?

36. What features form the basis of the morphological Classification of fruits?

37. How are fruits classified according to their morphogenetic characteristics?

38. List the names and morphological features of monocarpous and apocarpous fruits. Provide examples of plants with these types of fruits.

39. List the names and morphological features of coenocarpous dry and fleshy fruits. Provide examples.

40. Why is the coenocarpous fleshy fruit known as a pome classified as a false fruit? Indicate the parts of this fruit.

41. Indicate the names, morphological features, and examples of schizocarpic and pseudomonocarpic fruits.

42. Which family is characterized by fleshy, false, and aggregate fruits such as an etaerio of achenes (strawberry), cynarodium, and an aggregate of drupes?

43. By what features can one determine whether a fruit developed from an inferior, superior, or half-inferior ovary?

44. What is considered an infructescence (multiple fruit)? Name plants that possess infructescences.

45. From what structures do seeds develop in seed plants after fertilization? What is their Anatomical Structure?

46. What are the differences between the seeds of conifers and flowering plants, as well as monocots and dicots?

47. Specify the types of seeds depending on which nutrient reserves accumulate and in which parts of the seed. Provide examples.

48. What are the methods of fruit and seed dispersal? Provide examples.

PLANT REPRODUCTION AND ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS

1. State the essence and Significance of the reproductive process.

2. What are the modes of reproduction in plant organisms?

3. What is The Essence of asexual reproduction?

4. Explain the difference between spores and zoospores.

5. What are the essence, advantages, and disadvantages of Vegetative Reproduction?

6. Provide examples of species and forms of vegetative reproduction.

7. Which organisms exhibit sexual reproduction? What are its evolutionary Advantages and disadvantages?

8. Specify the fundamental Features of the following processes: isogamy, heterogamy, oogamy, gametangiogamy, zygogamy, and somatogamy.

9. What is the essence and significance of the alternation of generations and nuclear phase alternation?

10. What are the gametophyte and sporophyte? How is the dominance of a particular generation expressed in the plant life cycle?

11. What are the distinctive features of the sexual generation in mosses, pteridophytes, and higher vascular plants?

12. What essential evolutionary traits distinguish the asexual generation of mosses, pteridophytes, and higher vascular plants?

13. Define the concept of "vegetative reproduction".

14. What forms of vegetative reproduction are characteristic of plants, and how are they utilized by humans? Provide examples.