BOTANY WITH THE BASICS OF HYDROBOTANY (AQUATIC PLANTS OF UKRAINE) - B.Ye. Yakubenko - 2011

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Golgi Apparatus

It is a system consisting of individual elements known as dictyosomes (Golgi bodies). Each dictyosome is built of 4-8 disk-shaped sacs, or cisternae, with a thickness of 1-2 μm. A 10 nm thick film is located between the dictyosome cisternae. The cisternae may have the shape of a disk with smooth, swollen edges or feature a network of branched tubules with swellings at the ends along the disk periphery. The cisternae are surrounded by numerous vesicles budding off from the peripheral regions.

The dictyosome cisternae are located in the Cytoplasm adjacent to The Endoplasmic reticulum, such that the cistern closest to the stack lies parallel to a membrane region of the endoplasmic reticulum. As the distance from the endoplasmic reticulum increases, the Contents of the cisternae become more prominent, and the number and size of peripheral vesicles located along their edges increase.

A series of small vesicles, referred to as transitional vesicles, are found between the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and the nearest dictyosome cisterna. Most likely, these transitional vesicles are formed by the endoplasmic reticulum. Eventually, transitional vesicles fuse to form dictyosome cisternae. The cisterna farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum gradually breaks down into small vesicles. These travel through the cytoplasm in various directions, after which their membranes integrate into the Cytoplasmic membranes of the Plasmalemma or tonoplast.

In the course of these transformations, dictyosome cisternae differentiate and become metabolically active thanks to the Enzymes they contain. The Enzymes of the Golgi apparatus are synthesized by Ribosomes of the granular Endoplasmic reticulum and are transported through its internal space into transitional vesicles, and subsequently into the cisternae of the Golgi dictyosomes. With the help of these enzymes, substances are synthesized within the dictyosome cisternae and transferred into Golgi vesicles. The latter migrate through the cytoplasm and fuse with the plasmalemma or tonoplast, releasing their contents from the protoplast outward or into the vacuole.

Thus, the Golgi apparatus synthesizes certain substances and transports them out of The Cell or into the vacuole. These can be A wide variety of substances: Alkaloids, Glycosides, Essential Oils, resins, and other toxic or medicinal compounds. The Golgi apparatus participates in The formation of cytoplasmic membranes—the plasmalemma and tonoplast—as well as the Polysaccharides of The Cell wall.