PLANT MORPHOLOGY - T. A. Sautkina - 2012
INTRODUCTION. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTANY
CHAPTER 1. MORPHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE. SUBJECT, OBJECTIVES, AND METHODS OF PLANT MORPHOLOGY
1.1. History of the development of plant morphology. Trends and stages of development
CHAPTER 2. A BRIEF HISTORY OF CELL RESEARCH. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF HIGHER PLANT CELLS
2.1. The cell as an object of research
2.3. Formation of the cell wall
CHAPTER 3. PLANT TISSUES
3.1. The concept of tissues. Principles of tissue classification
3.3. Anatomical, morphological, and functional features of protective tissues
3.4. Anatomical, morphological, and functional features of ground (parenchymal) tissues
3.6. Anatomical, morphological, and functional features of vascular tissues
3.7. Anatomical, morphological, and functional features of secretory structures
CHAPTER 4. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT BODY FORM
4.1. The concept of evolution. Evolution of body form in primitive organisms
4.3. Changes in plant morphological structure. Evolution of branching types
4.5. Evolutionary complexification of plant anatomical structure. Evolution of stele types
CHAPTER 5. VEGETATIVE PLANT ORGANS
5.1. Anatomical, morphological, and functional features of the root
5.2. Formation of the aerial shoot system
5.3. The stem as a vegetative organ
5.4. The leaf as a vegetative organ
5.5. General structural patterns of vegetative organs
CHAPTER 6. PLANT REPRODUCTION
6.1. The Concept of Reproduction. Principles of Plant Reproduction Classification
6.2. The Concept of Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Process. Types of Sexual Process
6.3. The Concept of Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations in Plants
6.4. Reproduction of Higher Plants as a Reflection of the Life Cycle
CHAPTER 7. THE FLOWER AS A SPECIAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN OF ANGIOSPERMS
7.1. Evolution of Concepts Regarding the Flower
7.2. Arrangement of Flowers on the Plant. Inflorescences and Their Types
7.3. Hypotheses on the Origin of the Flower
7.4. General Structural Plan of the Flower
7.5. Flower Development in Ontogeny
7.6. Stamen Development in Ontogeny. Characteristics of Processes Occurring in the Anther
7.7. Pistil Formation in Ontogeny. Characteristics of Processes Occurring in the Ovule
CHAPTER 8. POLLINATION AND FERTILIZATION IN FLOWERING PLANTS. EMBRYO AND ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT
8.1. Pollination in Angiosperms
8.2. The Process of Double Fertilization in Angiosperms
CHAPTER 9. FORMATION, STRUCTURE, AND TYPES OF SEEDS AND FRUITS
9.1. Development, Structure, and Types of Seeds