Obstetrics and Gynecology - A.M. Gromova 2000

Medical and Genetic Counseling in Obstetrics
Hereditary Diseases and Congenital Malformations
Teratogenic Congenital Malformations

Teratogenic malformations occur As a result of impaired embryonic or fetal Cell morphogenesis or damage to normal tissue caused by teratogens. They can be of physical (ionizing radiation, Hypoxia, thermal effects), chemical (alcohol, drugs, A number of chemical compounds that suppress enzyme systems), mechanical (injuries), or biological (Bacteria, Viruses of Toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus) origin.

Class="center">Most characteristic anomalies caused by infections and medications

Pathogen

Characteristic anomalies

rubella virus

Cataract, microphthalmia, deafness, Congenital Heart defects, microcephaly.

cytomegalovirus

Microcephaly, hydrocephaly, chorioretinitis, hepatosplenomegaly.

hepatitis virus

Biliary atresia, Liver damage

other viruses (Influenza, herpes)

Neural tube defects

toxoplasma

Chorioretinitis, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, hepatosplenomegaly, anophthalmia.



Treponema pallidum

Cleft palate, Anomalies of the facial Skeleton and other bones, keratitis.

Drug name

Possible developmental anomalies

thalidomide,

phenytoin,

gitontoin

Dysmelia, ear and eye anomalies, cleft lip and palate, hernias, heart defects, limb hypoplasia, mental and physical developmental delay.

chlorpromazine

Micro- and hydrocephaly, Hyperbilirubinemia. Mental retardation, epicanthus, high palate,

trimethadione

impaired cranial ossification.

alcohol

Craniofacial malformations, Brain development delay.

bendectin

Genital system defects, cleft upper lip and palate, congenital heart defects, ptosis, cleft lip.

warfarin and related anticoagulants

Focal chondrodysplasia, Optic nerve hypoplasia, choanal atresia, microcephaly, diaphragmatic hernia.

anticancer drugs, alkylating agents, and antimetabolites

Cleft soft palate, microcephaly, cataract, multiple malformations, underdevelopment of The Thyroid Gland and Ovaries, multiple Congenital Malformations.

salicylates and high-dose voltaren

Chromosomal aberrations, premature closure of the ductus arteriosus.

trimethadione

indomethacin

lithium

Congenital heart defects, multiple malformations, early closure of the ductus arteriosus.

Ebstein's anomaly, Muscular System malformations.

Antibiotics: gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin

Ototoxic effect.

Cleft upper lip and palate, shortening

tetracycline

of limbs, Syndactyly, lower jaw hypoplasia. Chromosomal aberrations.

sodium fusidate

Hydrocephaly, kernicterus, internal organ developmental anomalies.

long-acting sulfanilamides and hypoglycemic agents

Spina bifida, congenital Hydronephrosis, renal atresia.

mepacrine

Brain developmental anomalies.

quinine

Congenital goiter, hypothyroidism.

methimazole

Congenital heart defects, Down syndrome, hydrocephaly, limb deformity.

barbiturates

Liver damage, urolithiasis, osteosclerosis.

vitamin D

Hyperthyroidism, idiopathic condition, Down syndrome, hydrocephaly.

thyroidin

Genital development disorders.

Sex Hormones: androgens and synthetic progestins (pregnin, ethisterone, norethisterone)

In boys — epididymal cysts, etc., impaired sexual development; in girls — neoplasms of the Vagina and cervix.

synthetic estrogens (diethylstilbestrol, synestrol)

Cleft hard palate, limb and adrenal anomalies, congenital cataract.

ACTH, corticosteroids

Various developmental anomalies.

Anesthetic gases, industrial and household chemicals (benzene, phenols, granosan, DDT, chloroprene, mercury vapor)

Radiation exposure to the fetus at a dose of 50 rad and above during critical periods, especially from 2 to 6 weeks, may lead to developmental disorders predominantly of The Nervous system (hydrocephaly, microcephaly), eyes (cataract, coloboma), and Skull.



Last update: 08/08/2026

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