Human Anatomy and Physiology - N. I. Fedyukovich 2003

Internal Organs
Digestive System
Regulation of Digestion

The regulation of digestive processes is mediated at both local and central levels.

Local regulation is mediated by The Nervous system, which consists of a network of interconnected plexuses embedded within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. These plexuses contain sensory, effector, and interneurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic nervous system. In addition, the gastrointestinal tract contains Neurons that produce Neuropeptides that influence digestive processes. These include cholecystokinin, gastrin-releasing peptide, Somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, enkephalin, and others. Alongside the neural network, the gastrointestinal tract contains endocrine Cells (the Cytology/cytology/65.html">Diffuse Endocrine System) located in the mucosal epithelium and the Pancreas. They contain Gastrointestinal Hormones and other BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES, which are released in response to the mechanical and chemical stimulation of food on the endocrine cells lining the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. Prostaglandins of the E and F groups also play an important role in regulating gastrointestinal Functions.

The central level of digestive regulation involves several structures of the Central Nervous System (the Spinal Cord and Brainstem) that make up the feeding center. In addition to coordinating gastrointestinal activity, the feeding center regulates feeding behavior. The Hypothalamus, limbic system, and Cerebral Cortex are involved in shaping goal-directed feeding behavior. Although located at different levels of the central nervous system, the Components of the feeding center are functionally interconnected. The feeding center has a multifaceted effect. Its activity drives foraging behavior (food motivation), which involves skeletal Muscle contraction (necessary to find and prepare food).

The feeding center regulates the motor, secretory, and absorptive activities of the gastrointestinal tract. The function of the feeding center mediates complex subjective sensations such as hunger, appetite, and satiety.



Last update: 08/08/2026

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