Human Anatomy and Physiology - N. I. Fedyukovich 2003

Introduction

Human anatomy and physiology are among the biological disciplines that form the foundation of theoretical and practical training for nurses.

Anatomy is the science that studies the shape and Structure OF THE Organism in relation to its Functions, development, and environmental influences.

Physiology is the science of the laws governing the vital processes of a living organism, its Organs, tissues, and Cells, and their interactions under changing conditions and states of the organism.

Human anatomy and physiology are closely linked to all medical specialties. Their advancements constantly influence practical medicine. It is impossible to provide qualified Treatment without a thorough knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. Therefore, before studying clinical disciplines, students learn anatomy and physiology. These subjects form the foundation of medical education and medical science as a whole.

Systematic (normal) anatomy studies The Structure of The Human Body by systems.

Topographic anatomy studies The structure of the human body by regions, taking into account THE POSITION OF organs and their relationships to each other and to the Skeleton.

Plastic anatomy examines the external forms and Proportions of the human body, as well as the topography of organs to explain the characteristics of body build; developmental anatomy studies the structure of the human body in relation to age.

Pathological anatomy studies organs and tissues damaged by disease.

The body of physiological knowledge is divided into several distinct but interrelated branches: general, special (or specific), and applied physiology.

General physiology includes information regarding The Nature of fundamental life processes and general manifestations of life, such as the METABOLISM of organs and tissues, and the GENERAL PATTERNS OF response of the organism (irritation, excitation, inhibition) and its structures to environmental influences.

Special (specific) physiology investigates the Characteristics of Individual tissues (muscular, nervous, etc.), organs (Liver, Kidneys, Heart, etc.), and the patterns of their integration into systems (respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems).

Applied physiology studies the patterns of human activity in relation to specific tasks and conditions (occupational, nutritional, and sports physiology).

Physiology is conventionally divided into normal and pathological.

The former studies the laws governing the vital activity of a healthy organism, the mechanisms of functional adaptation to various factors, and the organism's resilience. Pathological physiology examines functional changes in a diseased organism, clarifies the general patterns of the onset and development of pathological processes, as well as the mechanisms of recovery and rehabilitation.