Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - Belyasova N.A. 2002



Introduction

A Brief Historical Outline of the Development of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Objects of Study in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Molecular Foundations and Mechanisms of Heredity

Organization of the Cellular Genetic Apparatus

Establishment of the "DNA as the Carrier of Genetic Information" Postulate

Types of Nucleic Acids and Their Functions

Gene Structure and Function. Organization of Genes in Chromosomes

Genetic Code

Nucleic Acid Replication

Maintenance of Stability and Variability of Genomes

The DNA Restriction-Modification Phenomenon

Maintenance of Genome Stability and Variability

DNA Repair

Mutational Process

Maintenance of Stability and Variability of Genomes

Genetic Exchange and Recombination

Maintenance of Genome Stability and Variability

Activity of Mobile Elements

Gene Expression

DNA Transcription

Regulation of Gene Expression at the Transcriptional Level

Translation of the Genetic Code

Post-Translational Protein Modification

Structure and Functions of Cellular Components

Biomembranes

Organization Features of Membrane Lipids

Properties of Polar Lipids and Their Aggregates

Organization and Functions of Membrane Proteins

Characteristic Properties of Biomembranes

Transport of Substances Across Membranes

Receptor Functions of Membranes

Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulses

Cellular Polysaccharides

Storage Polysaccharides

Structure of Plant Cell Walls

Structure of Prokaryotic Cell Walls

Structure of Fungal Cell Walls

Proteins. Organizational Features and Enzyme Functions

Proteins. Organizational Features and Functions of Enzymes

Structural Features of Enzyme Molecules

Proteins. Organization Features and Functions of Enzymes

Enzyme Specificity

Proteins. Organizational Features and Functions of Enzymes

Mechanism of Enzymatic Catalysis

Structure and Function of Cellular Components

Proteins: Structural Organization and Enzyme Functions

Properties of Enzymes

Structure and Functions of Cellular Components

Proteins. Organizational Features and Functions of Enzymes

Regulation of Enzyme Activity

Cofactors

Carriers of Reducing Equivalents

Phosphate Group Carriers. Energy Transformation in the Cell

Carboxyl Group Carriers

Acyl Group Carriers

Metabolism: Energy-Yielding Processes

Principles of Metabolism

Catabolic Pathways

Metabolism. Processes leading to energy storage

Catabolic pathways

Fatty acid oxidation

Metabolism. Processes Leading to Energy Storage

Catabolic Pathways

Carbohydrate Catabolism

Fermentation

Metabolism. Energy-Yielding Processes

Alcoholic Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation Reactions

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate

Metabolism. Processes Leading to Energy Storage

Chemistry of the TCA Cycle

TCA Cycle Balance

Metabolism. Processes leading to energy storage

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

Regulation of the TCA cycle

Metabolism. Energy Conservation Processes

Other pathways for the oxidation of one- and two-carbon substrates

Metabolism. Energy storage pathways

Respiration

Metabolism. Processes Leading to Energy Storage

Characteristics of Respiratory Chain Components

Redox Potential of Components

Metabolism. Energy-Storing Processes

Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Metabolism. Energy storage processes

Energy balance

Metabolism. Processes Leading to Energy Storage

Features of Anaerobic Respiration

Metabolism. Energy-Storage Processes

Utilization of Inorganic Electron Donors

Metabolism. Processes Leading to Energy Storage

Capture of Light Energy by Biomolecules

Metabolism. Energy-Yielding Processes

Photosynthesis

Metabolism. Processes Leading to Energy Storage

Visual Perception

Metabolism. Energy-storing processes

Capture of light energy by biomolecules

Bioluminescence

Metabolism. Processes Requiring Energy Input

Features of Biosynthesis. Carbohydrate Biosynthesis

Patterns of Monosaccharide Metabolism and Biosynthesis

Polysaccharide Biosynthesis

Metabolism. Energy-Requiring Processes

Lipid Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty Acids

Metabolism. Energy-requiring processes

Formation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Metabolism. Energy-Requiring Processes

Biosynthesis of Polar and Nonpolar Lipids

Metabolism. Energy-requiring processes

Metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds

Protein metabolism

Metabolism. Processes Requiring Energy Input

Metabolism of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds

Nitrogen Cycle in Nature

Metabolism. Processes requiring an energy input

Nitrogen Fixation and Its Incorporation into Organic Molecules

Metabolism. Energy-Requiring Processes

Metabolism of Nitrogenous Compounds

Amino Acid Biosynthesis

Metabolism. Processes Requiring Energy Input

Metabolism of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds

Amino Acid Breakdown

Metabolism. Energy-requiring processes

Metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds

Excretion of ammonia from the body

Fate of amino acid carbon skeletons

Metabolism. Processes Requiring Energy Input

Metabolism of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds

Nucleotide Metabolism

Metabolism. Energy-requiring processes

Biological role and biosynthesis of vitamins

General characteristics of vitamins

Metabolism. Processes Requiring Energy Input

Biological Role and Biosynthesis of Vitamins

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Metabolism. Energy-requiring processes

Biological role and biosynthesis of vitamins

Water-soluble vitamins

Metabolism. Energy-Requiring Processes

Biological Role and Patterns of Antibiotic Biosynthesis

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Metabolism. Processes requiring an energy supply

Biological role and regularities of antibiotic biosynthesis

Mechanisms of antibiotic action on cellular targets

Metabolism. Energy-requiring processes

Biological role and principles of antibiotic biosynthesis

Principles of antibiotic biosynthesis

Biological role and patterns of antibiotic biosynthesis

Mechanisms of microbial resistance to antibiotics

Metabolism. Processes Requiring Energy Input

Metabolic Integration

The Role of Key Intermediates in Metabolic Integration

Metabolic Regulation

Fundamentals of Genetic Engineering

Construction and Analysis of Genomic Libraries

Isolation of Genes

Gene Insertion into a Vector

Gene Cloning Strategy

Construction of Genomic Libraries and Gene Identification Therein

DNA Sequencing

Practical Application of Genetic Engineering Methods

Production of Eukaryotic Proteins and Solutions for Heterologous Gene Expression

Localized Mutagenesis and Protein Engineering

Achievements of Genetic Engineering in Designing Producer Strains of Biologically Active Substances

Genetic Engineering in Medicine and Agriculture