Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications - Glick B., Pasternak J. 2002

Molecular Biotechnology of Microbial Systems
Using Recombinant Microorganisms for the Production of Commercial Products
Conclusion

Bacteria can not only be used as "factories" for the synthesis of Proteins such as restriction Enzymes, but can also be used to obtain new products by altering the METABOLISM of bacterial Cells through the Introduction of foreign genes or the modification of existing ones. Recombinant microorganisms can be created that are capable of synthesizing A wide variety of low-molecular-weight compounds: L-ascorbic acid, indigo dye, Amino Acids, Antibiotics, and monomer units of various Biopolymers. The general strategy involves introducing specific genes, cloned in a suitable vector, into the host Organism. These genes encode one or more enzymes that catalyze metabolic reactions not native to the microorganism or affect its normal Biosynthesis of certain compounds. According to available data, the creation of new metabolic pathways is not technically unfeasible. This approach will help create novel, more efficient pathways for the synthesis of a wide variety of compounds.

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Review Questions

1. Describe the strategy for isolating the EcoRI restriction endonuclease gene.

2. Describe the strategy for cloning the Corynebacterium 2,5-DKG reductase gene into Erwinia. Why is this of interest?

3. Propose a strategy to increase the commercial value of the cloned 2,5-DKG reductase gene.

4. How can indigo be synthesized in E. coli?

5. How can The amount of tryptophan synthesized by Corynebacterium glutamicum be increased?

6. Propose a strategy for isolating the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic undecylprodigiosin, which is naturally synthesized in Streptomyces coelicolor.

7. What is the main difficulty in transforming various Streptomyces species? How can it be overcome?

8. How can genetic engineering be used to increase antibiotic production by a given Streptomyces strain?

9. Describe one approach to generating modified variants of non-aromatic polyketide antibiotics such as erythromycin.

10. How can the adhesive protein normally synthesized by the mussel Mytilus edulis be produced in E. coli?

11. Describe the pathway for the synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) in E. coli.

12. What is whey? What industrially important compounds can be obtained from it, and how?