BIOTECHNOLOGY - V. H. Herasymenko - 2006

Part II. Special Biotechnologies

Chapter 22. BIOTECHNOLOGIES FOR THE UTILIZATION AND BIOCONVERSION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES

Review Questions

1. What is the meaning of the terms utilization and bioconversion?

2. How do livestock wastes impact the environment?

3. What are the Methods for utilizing manure biomass?

4. Which manure utilization methods are considered traditional, and what biological systems and agents are used in the process?

5. The Use of manure as an organic fertilizer. What is the criterion for determining the application rate of manure to the soil?

6. Incorporation of manure into farm animal diets. What are the challenges of this method?

7. Manure utilization via the Mineralization of organic matter in soil and Water bodies. What biological systems and agents are employed for this purpose?

8. Features of the mineralization of organic matter from manure in aeration tanks and biological filters.

9. The use of stabilization ponds, irrigation fields, and filtration fields for wastewater Treatment.

10. Disadvantages of traditional utilization methods. Which requirements do these methods fail to meet?

11. Biotechnology of biogas production through anaerobic methane Digestion. What problems are solved by this approach?

12. What advantages does the non-TRADITIONAL METHOD OF manure utilization (anaerobic methane digestion) have over Traditional Methods?

13. What is the energy potential of manure, and what factors determine it?

14. What is The process of biomethanogenesis and what are its stages? What products are formed at each stage?

15. Which biological agents drive the process of biomethanogenesis, and why can organic matter of diverse

origins serve as a feedstock for biogas production?

16. What factors influence biomethanogenesis?

17. What is the optimal dry matter content in the substrate, and what are the ways to optimize it?

18. Under what Temperature regimes can biogas be produced, and what are their pros and cons?

19. How do The chemical composition of the substrate, as well as the species and age of the animals, affect biogas yield and quality?

20. Which nutrients must necessarily be present in the substrate, and what should their ratio be? How can this elemental ratio be optimized in industrial settings?

21. What is the optimal pH of the medium for biomethanogenesis and for the methanogenic organisms at each stage? What phases can be distinguished in the methane Fermentation process?

22. Which substances can be toxic to methanogenic microorganisms, and what are the ways to eliminate their toxicity?

23. What are biogas plants (BGPs), what is their composition, and what is their distribution worldwide?

24. What are the Design Features of BGP reactors, and which of them have the greatest advantages?

25. What requirements are imposed on BGP reactors?

26. How are BGPs classified according to their operating principle?

27. What Technical and Technological levels of BGPs can be distinguished, and what forms The basis of this Classification?

28. What characterizes first-level BGPs, and how can they be improved?

29. What ensures a higher technical and technological level of BGPs (second, third, fourth)? Which BGPs belong to these levels?

30. Characterize the domestic BGP "Kobos-1". What are its advantages over foreign counterparts?

31. What fractions are obtained during biomethanogenesis, and what is their ratio?

32. What is the composition of biogas, what determines its quantity and quality?

33. Aspects of biogas utilization. How much thermal and electrical energy can be obtained from 1m³ of biogas and how much conventional energy carrier can it replace?

34. What parameters determine the profitability of biogas production?

35. What is commercial biogas, and what factors influence it?

36. What residual products are obtained after the methane fermentation of manure biomass? How does its Separation take place?

37. Sludge, its composition and utilization. What does the composition of sludge depend on?

38. The liquid fraction of manure, its composition and utilization.

39. What ways exist to improve biogas production?

40. What wastes, apart from animal and plant ones, are promising for obtaining biogas, vitamin and protein feed supplements?

41. The state of biogas production in Ukraine.

42. Development trends of biogas production in Europe and worldwide.