Human Anatomy and Physiology - I. V. Gayvoronsky 2011
Subject and Methods of Research
Subject and Methods of Research in Physiology
Just as in anatomy, the primary subject of study in physiology is the living human being. While anatomists focus more on The Structure OF THE human body and its components, physiologists study the functional processes occurring within them. These two sciences are inextricably linked. Physiology employs a range of specialized Research Methods. Every structure performs a specific function (or Functions); consequently, if a given structure is destroyed, its inherent function will also disappear. This experimental approach—the method of removal, or extirpation—originated long before the others.
Electrophysiological methods make it possible to record electrical processes taking place in various Organs and tissues. Using electrical devices, researchers can replicate nerve impulses (the stimulation method), which in turn lead to Muscle contraction.
The fistular method, widely used by I. P. Pavlov, made it possible to obtain pure saliva secretions and pure gastric juice.
Chemical (biochemical) methods are also frequently used by physiologists. Determining the chemical structure and quantity of substances of biological origin is carried out in collaboration with biochemists. A vast body of scientific research is dedicated to studying the effects of various substances (such as Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and noradrenaline, as well as Hormones) on the functions of organs and systems. It is also of great interest to observe how the concentration of a given substance in Cells, tissues, and organs changes As a result of various external influences.
Investigating the Functions of the body's microscopic structures (cells and subcellular structures) requires The Use of Cell/15.html">Microscopy methods, including Electron microscopy.
Recently, significant attention has been paid to The Study of Immunity. Immunological research methods require professional knowledge and skills in Cytology, biochemistry, and microbiology. Psychophysiology—a branch that bridges physiology and psychology—is impossible to imagine without various testing methods designed to assess a person's attention, memory, emotional state, and so on.
Thus, physiology possesses a vast arsenal of research methods. Over time, many of these find not only experimental but also clinical Applications. Physiology is closely linked with most Medical and biological disciplines, as well as psychology, chemistry, and biophysics. Together with anatomy, it forms the foundation of modern biomedical sciences, which are fundamental in both general and medical education systems.
It should be noted that with the advent of new research techniques, anatomy and physiology advanced to higher Selection/3.html">Stages of development. However, the primary driving force in the evolution of these disciplines has always been the needs of medicine and the demands of clinical practice.
1. What research methods are used in anatomy?
2. Name the subject of anatomical research.
3. What planes and axes are used as reference points in anatomy?
4. What research methods are used in physiology?
Last update: 08/08/2026
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