BIOCHEMISTRY - Textbook - Ostapchenko L. I. - 2012
Chapter 1. STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF BIOORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1.1. Molecules as components of living organisms
1.1.1. Enantiomers and chiral compounds
1.2. Reactions involving bioorganic molecules
1.3. Selected classes of bioorganic compounds and their biological significance
1.3.1. Hydrocarbons and hydroxy compounds
1.3.4. Bioorganic nitrogen compounds
1.3.5. Heterofunctional compounds
Chapter 2. THE ROLE OF WATER, MACRO- AND MICROELEMENTS IN VITAL ACTIVITY OF ORGANISMS
2.1. Unique property of water to dissolve substances of diverse origins
2.3. Hydrophobic interactions, macromolecules, and water
Chapter 3. THE CELL AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
3.1. Molecular and supramolecular organization of the cell
Chapter 4. MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANES
4.1. Structure of Biological Membranes
4.2. Molecular Organization of Membranes
4.2.3. Carbohydrates, Water, and Inorganic Ions
4.3.2. Pores, Channels, and Electrogenesis
4.3.3. Membrane Receptors and Extracellular Signal Transduction
4.4. Membrane Fusion in Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Chapter 5. STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES, AND FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
5.1. Structure and Properties of Proteinogenic Amino Acids. Peptide Bonds
5.1.1. General Structural Features of Amino Acids
5.1.2. Classification of Amino Acids
5.1.3. Chemical Reactions Used for Amino Acid Detection
5.1.4. The Peptide Bond. Structure and Biological Properties of Peptides
5.2.1. Primary Protein Structure
5.2.2. Secondary Protein Structure
5.2.3. Tertiary Protein Structure
5.2.4. Supersecondary protein structure
5.2.5. Quaternary protein structure
5.3. Formation of the three-dimensional protein structure in the cell
5.3.2. Structure and functional role of chaperones in protein folding
5.3.3. Diseases associated with protein folding disorders
5.4.1. Active site of proteins and selectivity of ligand binding
5.4.2. Substances affecting protein function
5.5. Functional characteristics of oligomeric proteins
5.5.1. Structure and functions of myoglobin
6.5.2. Structure and functions of hemoglobin
5.6. Protein diversity and classification
5.6.1. Classification of proteins by molecular shape
5.6.2. Classification of proteins by chemical structure
5.6.3. Classification of proteins by function
5.7. Physicochemical properties of proteins and methods for their isolation
5.7.1. Physicochemical properties of proteins
5.7.2. Methods for protein isolation and purification
Chapter 6. AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND FUNCTIONS. PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS
6.1. Sources and pathways of amino acid utilization in cells
6.2. Biological value of proteins
6.2.2. Nutritional quality of dietary proteins
6.3.1. Protein Digestion in the Stomach
6.3.2. Protein Digestion in the Intestine
6.3.3. Protection of Cells from Protease Action
6.3.4. Transport of Amino Acids to Cells
6.3.5. Disorders of Protein Digestion and Amino Acid Transport
6.5. Ammonia Metabolism. Urea Cycle
6.5.1. Ammonia Binding (Detoxification)
6.6. Pathways of Nitrogen-Free Residue Metabolism in Amino Acids
6.7. Biosynthesis of Non-Essential Amino Acids
6.8. Metabolism of Individual Amino Acids
6.8.1. Metabolism of Serine and Glycine
6.8.2. Metabolism of Methionine and Cysteine
6.8.3. Metabolism of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine
6.9. Nitrogen-Containing Compounds: Amino Acid Derivatives
6.9.1. Decarboxylation of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives
6.9.2. Nitrogen-Containing Compounds: Histidine Derivatives
6.9.3. Role of Arginine and Ornithine
6.10.1. Main Components of the Translational Apparatus
6.10.2. Key Properties of the Genetic Code
6.10.3. Amino acid activation and aminoacyl-tRNA formation
6.10.4. Ribosomes: structure and functions
6.10.5. Translation initiation. Features of the initiation process in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
6.10.6. Polypeptide chain elongation
6.10.7. Translation termination
6.10.8. Energy supply for translation. Protein synthesis inhibitors
6.10.9. Protein folding and processing
6.10.10. Regulation of protein synthesis
7.1. General characteristics of enzymes as biological catalysts
7.2. Classification and nomenclature of enzymes
7.3.3. Multi-substrate reactions
7.4.Mechanism of enzyme action
7.4.1. Energy changes during chemical reactions
7.4.2. Stages of enzymatic catalysis
7.4.3. Molecular mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis
7.5. Fundamentals of enzyme kinetics
7.5.1. Dependence of enzymatic reaction rate on enzyme concentration
7.5.2. Dependence of enzymatic reaction rate on ambient temperature
7.5.3. Effect of medium pH on the enzymatic reaction rate
7.5.4. Effect of substrate concentration on the enzymatic reaction rate
7.6. Inhibition of enzymatic activity
7.6.2. Irreversible inhibition
7.7. Regulation of metabolic processes
7.7.1. Organization of chemical reactions into metabolic pathways
7.7.2. Principles of metabolic pathway regulation
7.7.3. Main mechanisms for regulating enzyme catalytic activity
7.9. Application of enzymes in medicine
7.9.2. Use of enzymes as therapeutic agents
8.1. Classification and general properties of vitamins
8.1.1. Classification of vitamins
8.1.2. History of the discovery of vitamins
8.2. Fat-soluble vitamins
8.2.1. General biosynthetic pathways of fat-soluble vitamins
8.3. Water-soluble vitamins
8.3.2. Vitamin B2 — Riboflavin
8.3.4. Vitamin PP — Niacin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide
8.3.5. Vitamin B5 — Pantothenic acid
8.3.6. Vitamin B6 — Pyridoxine
8.3.7. Vitamin B12 — Cobalamin
8.3.10. Vitamin-like compounds
Chapter 9. NUCLEIC ACIDS
9.1. General characteristics of nucleic acids
9.2. Components of nucleic acids
9.3. Physicochemical properties of nitrogenous bases
9.4. Structure of nucleic acids
9.4.1. Primary structure of nucleic acids
9.4.2. Spatial organization of DNA structure
9.4.4. DNA denaturation and renaturation
9.5. Structure and functions of ribonucleic acids
9.5.1. Chemical nature of ribonucleic acids
9.5.2. Biological functions of RNA
9.5.3. Structural organization of RNA
Chapter 10. NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM
10.2. Digestion of Nucleic Acids in the Gastrointestinal Tract
10.3 Catabolism of Pyrimidine Bases
10.4. Catabolism of Purine Bases
10.5. Biosynthesis of Nucleotides
10.5.1. Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotides
10.5.2 Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleotides
10.5.3. Biological Functions of RNA
10.6. DNA Biosynthesis (Replication)
10.6.2 Mechanism of DNA Replication
10.7. RNA Biosynthesis (Transcription)
10.7.2 Mechanism of DNA Transcription
10.7.3. Processing of RNA Transcripts
Chapter 11. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF CARBOHYDRATES
Chapter 12. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
12.1. Catabolic Pathways of Carbohydrates
12.2. Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels
12.4. Pentose Phosphate Pathway of Carbohydrate Oxidation
Chapter 13. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
13.1. Structural Components of Lipids
14.1. Lipid Transformations in the Gastrointestinal Tract
14.3. Degradation of Higher Fatty Acids
14.4. Biosynthesis of Higher Fatty Acids
14.5. Synthesis and Breakdown of Fats in Tissues
14.6. Phosphoacylglycerol Metabolism
Chapter 15. INTEGRATION OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS. HORMONES
15.1. Compartmentation of metabolic pathways
15.2. Classification of hormones
15.3. Mechanisms of endocrine system function
15.4. Mechanisms of hormone action
15.4.1. Mechanisms of action of peptide hormones and catecholamines
15.4.2. Mechanism of action of steroid and thyroid hormones
15.6. Hormones of the adenohypophysis
15.7. Vasopressin and oxytocin
15.10.1. Synthesis of male sex hormones
15.10.2. Synthesis of female sex hormones
15.13. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
16.1.1. Characteristics of high-energy phosphates. ATP — ADP cycle
16.1.2. Oxidation-reduction reactions. Redox potential
16.1.3. Enzymes and coenzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions
16.1.4. Organization of the mitochondrial respiratory chain
16.2. Oxidative Phosphorylation of ADP
16.2.1. Mechanism of Coupling between Oxidation and Phosphorylation
16.2.2. Transport of ATP and ADP across Mitochondrial Membranes
16.2.3. Uncoupling of Respiration and Phosphorylation
16.2.4. Thermoregulatory Function of the Electron Transport Chain
16.3. Final Stage of Catabolism: The Primary Source of Hydrogen Donors for the ETC
16.3.1. Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate
16.4. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle