Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications - Glick, B., & Pasternak, J. 2002

Molecular Biotechnology of Microbiological Systems
Transgenic Animals
Conclusion

Genetic modification of animals using Recombinant DNA technology (transgenesis) is based on introducing a cloned Gene or genes into The Genome of a Cell capable of giving rise to germline Cells. By crossing the transgenic offspring resulting from this Procedure, homozygous lines of transgenic animals can be established. Most research in this field has been conducted using mice. Typically, this involves microinjecting a cloned gene into a fertilized mouse egg, implanting the egg into a recipient female, and screening the offspring for the presence of the introduced gene. Foreign genes can also be introduced into fertilized mouse eggs via retroviral vectors. An alternative approach involves isolating mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and transfecting them with the cloned gene, ensuring that the introduced construct integrates into the stem cell genome. Cells carrying the target gene at a specific chromosomal site are selected and cultured, and then introduced into early-stage mouse embryos. Mouse embryonic stem cells are pluripotent (totipotent), meaning they can give rise to any cell type, including germline cells. Artificial Yeast Chromosomes (YACs) carrying multiple genes are also utilized for transgenesis. This approach has successfully yielded mice that synthesize exclusively human Antibodies, which have served as model systems for studying human Genetic Disorders (such as Alzheimer's disease).

Similar experimental approaches have been employed to produce transgenic cows, sheep, pigs, birds, and fish. It is anticipated that transgenesis will enable the improvement of genotypes in existing livestock breeds and The Development of animal breeds with novel traits. Furthermore, domestic animals such as cows, sheep, and goats may potentially be utilized as unique "biological factories" for producing cloned gene products secreted into their milk.

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Review Questions

1. How are transgenic mice produced?

2. What is the principle behind positive-negative Selection?

3. What are knockout mice? How and why are they generated?

4. What are the Advantages and disadvantages of transgenic mice as model systems for studying human diseases?

5. What is cloning?

6. Explain how transgenesis can be used to produce human monoclonal antibodies.

7. How can the mammary gland be utilized as a bioreactor for the synthesis of commercial products?

8. In what ways can transgenesis facilitate organ transplantation?

9. What approaches are used to generate transgenic chickens?

10. Describe the methods used to improve fish breeds through transgenesis.