Anatomy and Physiology of Children and Adolescents - M. R. Sapin 2007



Introduction

Key stages of human ontogeny

Main stages of individual human development

Prenatal ontogenesis

Key stages of individual human development

Postnatal ontogenesis

Structure of the Human Body

Cells: Structure, Chemical Composition, and Functions

Human Body Structure

Cell Reproduction (Division). Cell Cycle

Structure of the Human Body

Tissues, Organs, Systems, and Apparatuses of Organs

Epithelial Tissue

Connective Tissue

Human Body Structure

Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and Apparatuses

Connective Tissue - Skeletal Tissues

Structure of the Human Body

Connective Tissue - Blood and Its Functions

Muscle Tissues

Structure of the human body

Tissues, organs, organ systems, and apparatuses

Nervous tissue

Structure of the Human Body

Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and Apparatuses

Organs, Organ Systems, and Apparatuses

Musculoskeletal System

General Characteristics of the Support and Movement Apparatus

Skeleton

Classification and Structure of Bones

Bone Development and Growth. Age-Related Changes in Bones

Articulations of the Skeletal Bones

Classification of Joints

Joint Classification - Age-Related and Functional Changes in Bone Articulations

Bones of the Trunk and Their Joints

Joints of the Vertebrae. The Vertebral Column

Movements of the Vertebral Column

Movements of the Spinal Column - Age-Related Features of the Spine

Thorax

Musculoskeletal system

Bones of the trunk and their articulations

Thorax — Age-related features of the thorax

Skull

Bones of the neurocranium

Bones of the facial skeleton

Musculoskeletal System

Joints of the Skull Bones

The Skull as a Whole (Skull Topography)

Skull of the Newborn

Skull of the Newborn - Age and Sex-Related Features of the Skull

Musculoskeletal system

Skeleton of the limbs

Bones of the upper extremities and their joints

Musculoskeletal System

Skeleton of the Limbs

Bones of the Lower Limbs and Their Articulations

Development and Age-Related Features of the Limb Skeleton

Muscular System

Structure and Functions of Skeletal Muscles

Classification of Skeletal Muscles

Accessory Structures of Muscles

Accessory structures of muscles — Muscle work and strength

Muscle Accessory Structures — Muscle Tone and Muscle Fatigue

Musculoskeletal system

Muscular system

Muscles of the human body

The Musculoskeletal System

The Muscular System

Muscles of the Head

Musculoskeletal System

Muscular System

Muscles of the Head - Masticatory Muscles

Neck Muscles

Muscles and Fascia of the Trunk - Muscles of the Back

Muscles and Fascia of the Trunk — Chest Muscles

Muscles and Fascia of the Trunk — Abdominal Muscles

Muscles and Fascia of the Trunk - Muscles of the Perineum (Pelvic Floor)

Muscles and Fascia of the Limbs - Muscles of the Upper Limb

Muscles and Fasciae of the Limbs — Muscles of the Lower Limb

Muscles and Fascia of the Limbs - Development and Age-Related Features of Skeletal Muscles

The Doctrine of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Digestive System

The Science of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Oral Cavity

The Science of Internal Organs (Splanchnology)

Oral Cavity - Tongue

The Doctrine of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Oral Cavity - Teeth

Oral Cavity - Salivary Glands

Pharynx

The Science of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Esophagus

Stomach

The Doctrine of the Viscera (Splanchnology)

Small Intestine

The Doctrine of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Large Intestine

The Science of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Liver

The Doctrine of the Viscera (Splanchnology)

Gallbladder

The Science of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Pancreas

The Doctrine of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity

Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity — Development and Age-Related Features of the Digestive System

Food Products and Nutrients

Food Products and Nutrients - Types of Digestion

The Science of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Food Products and Nutrients — Absorption

The Doctrine of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Food Products and Nutrients - Digestion in the Oral Cavity

Food Products and Nutrients - Gastric Digestion

The Science of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Food Products and Nutrients - Digestion in the Small Intestine

The Doctrine of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Food Products and Nutrients - Digestion in the Large Intestine

The Study of Internal Organs (Splanchnology)

Respiratory System

The Doctrine of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Nasal Cavity

Larynx

Trachea and Bronchi

Lungs

The Science of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Pleura

Mediastinum - Age-related features of the respiratory organs

The Doctrine of Viscera (Splanchnology)

Respiration

Respiration — Mechanism of Inhalation and Exhalation

Respiration - Gas Exchange in the Lungs

The Science of Internal Organs (Splanchnology)

Respiration — Gas Transport by Blood

Urogenital system

Urinary (excretory) system

Urogenital System

Urinary System

Kidneys

Urogenital Apparatus

Urinary (Excretory) System

Renal Calyces. Renal Pelvis. Ureters

Urogenital System

Urinary Bladder

Urogenital system

Urinary (excretory) system

Urethra

Urogenital System

Urinary (Excretory) System

Urethra - Age-Related Features of the Urinary System Organs

Urogenital Apparatus

Urinary System

Mechanisms of Urine Formation and Excretion

Urogenital System

Urinary (Excretory) System

Mechanisms of Urine Formation and Excretion - Physical and Chemical Properties of Urine

Reproductive System

Male Reproductive Organs

Urogenital system

Reproductive system

Male reproductive organs - Internal male genitalia

Urogenital System

Reproductive System

Male Genital Organs - External Male Genital Organs

Male Genital Organs - Age-Related Features of the Male Genital Organs

Genitourinary system

Reproductive system

Female reproductive organs - Internal female reproductive organs

Urogenital System

Reproductive System

Female Reproductive Organs - External Female Genitalia

Genitourinary System

Female Reproductive Organs - Age-Related Features of Female Reproductive Organs

Urogenital System

Female Reproductive Organs - Germ Cells. Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

Genitourinary System

Female Reproductive Organs — Ovulation and Menstrual Cycle

Placenta

Organs of Hematopoiesis and the Immune System. The Lymphatic System

Central Organs of the Immune System

Bone Marrow

Thymus

Organs of hematopoiesis and the immune system. The lymphatic system

Peripheral organs of the immune system

Tonsils. Lymphoid nodules

Appendix

Hemopoietic organs and the immune system. The lymphatic system

Spleen

Organs of Hematopoiesis and the Immune System. Lymphatic System

Peripheral Organs of the Immune System

Lymph Nodes

Organs of Hematopoiesis and the Immune System. The Lymphatic System

The Lymphatic System

The Lymphatic System

Endocrine System

Hormones (Functions, mechanism of action, regulation of hormone secretion)

Classification, structure, and functions of endocrine glands

Pituitary gland, pituitary hormones

Thyroid gland

Classification, Structure, and Functions of Endocrine Glands

Parathyroid Glands

Adrenal Glands

Endocrine Component of the Gonads

Endocrine Portion of the Pancreas

Pineal Gland

Solitary Hormone-Producing Cells

Solitary Hormone-Producing Cells - Morphological and Functional Development of the Endocrine System in Ontogenesis

Cardiovascular System

Heart

Cardiac Activity

Blood Vessels of the Human Body

Arteries of the Systemic Circulation

Veins of the Systemic Circulation

Veins of the Systemic Circulation - Age-Related Characteristics of Blood Vessels

Blood Flow through Vessels

Blood vessels of the human body

Regulation of cardiovascular system functions

The Nervous System (General Structural and Developmental Plan of the Nervous System)

The Nervous System (General Layout of the Structure and Development of the Nervous System)

Functions of Nervous Tissue

Nervous System (General Outline of Structure and Development)

Central Nervous System

Spinal Cord

Nervous System (General Outline of the Structure and Development of the Nervous System)

Spinal Cord - Functions of the Spinal Cord

Brain

Nervous System (General Outline of Structure and Development of the Nervous System)

Brain - Medulla Oblongata

The Nervous System (general structural and developmental plan of the nervous system)

Brain - Pons

Brain - Cerebellum

Nervous System (general structural and developmental plan of the nervous system)

Brain - Midbrain

Nervous System (General Outline of the Structure and Development of the Nervous System)

Brain - Diencephalon

The Nervous System (General Plan of Structure and Development)

Brain - Telencephalon

The Nervous System (General Plan of Structure and Development of the Nervous System)

The Brain - Basal Nuclei and White Matter of the Telencephalon

Nervous system (general overview of the structure and development of the nervous system)

Central nervous system

Brain - Structural and functional organization of the neocortex and basal nuclei of the cerebral hemispheres

The Nervous System (general structural and developmental plan of the nervous system)

Central Nervous System

Limbic System and Reticular Formation

Nervous System (General Layout of the Structure and Development of the Nervous System)

Neural Pathways of the Brain and Spinal Cord

Nervous system (general overview of the structure and development of the nervous system)

Central nervous system

Pathways of the brain and spinal cord - Age-related features of the structure and functions of the nervous system organs

The Nervous System (General Layout of the Structure and Development of the Nervous System)

Central Nervous System

Meninges of the Spinal Cord and Brain

The Nervous System (general structural and developmental plan of the nervous system)

Meninges of the spinal cord and brain - Age-related features of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord

Higher Nervous Activity — The role of I. M. Sechenov and I. P. Pavlov in establishing the doctrine of higher nervous activity. Methods for studying higher nervous activity

Nervous System (General Outline of the Structure and Development of the Nervous System)

Higher Nervous Activity - Motivations and Emotions

The Nervous System (general structural and developmental layout of the nervous system)

Higher Nervous Activity - Unconditioned Reflexes. Instincts

Nervous System (general structural and developmental plan of the nervous system)

Higher Nervous Activity — Conditioned Reflexes

Nervous System (General Outline of the Structure and Development of the Nervous System)

Higher Nervous Activity - Sleep

The Nervous System (General Layout of the Structure and Development of the Nervous System)

Higher Nervous Activity - Memory Mechanisms

Nervous System (General Outline of the Structure and Development of the Nervous System)

Higher Nervous Activity — Qualitative Characteristics of Human Higher Nervous Activity

Nervous System (General Layout of the Structure and Development of the Nervous System)

Higher Nervous Activity — Types of Nervous Activity

The Nervous System (general structural and developmental plan of the nervous system)

Higher Nervous Activity — Age-Related Features of Human Higher Nervous Activity

Nervous System (General Layout of the Structure and Development of the Nervous System)

Peripheral Nervous System

Nervous System (General Outline of the Structure and Development of the Nervous System)

Cranial Nerves

Spinal Nerves

Nervous System (general structural and developmental plan of the nervous system)

Autonomic (Vegetative) Nervous System

Sensory Organs. Analyzers

Sense Organs. Analyzers

The Organ of Vision. The Visual Analyzer

Accessory Structures of the Eye

The Optical System of the Eye

The Organ of Vision. Visual Analyzer

Optical System of the Eye - Pathway of the Visual Analyzer

The Organ of Vision. The Visual Analyzer

The Optical System of the Eye – Development and Age-Related Features of the Organ of Vision

Organs of Hearing and Balance (Vestibulocochlear Organ)

Organ of Hearing

Organs of Hearing and Equilibrium (Vestibulocochlear Organ)

Organ of Hearing - Sound Perception

Organ of Hearing — Auditory Pathway of the Analyzer

Organs of Hearing and Balance (Vestibulocochlear Organ)

Organ of Balance (Vestibular Apparatus)

Sensory Organs. Analyzers

Organ of Balance (Vestibular Apparatus) - Pathway of the Vestibular Analyzer (Organs of Balance)

Sense Organs. Analyzers

Organs of Hearing and Equilibrium (Vestibulocochlear Organ)

Organ of Equilibrium (Vestibular Apparatus) - Development and Age-Related Features of the Organ of Hearing and Equilibrium

Organs of Taste and Olfaction

Organ of Taste. Gustatory Analyzer

Organs of Taste and Smell

The Organ of Smell and its Analyzer

The Skin and Its Derivatives

Cutaneous Analyzers