Human Anatomy Part 1 - K. A. Dyubenko, A. K. Kolomiysev, Yu. B. Chaykovsky 2002

Special Section
Appendicular skeleton, sceleton appendiculare - Bones of the upper limb, ossa membri superioris
Pectoral girdle, cingulum membri uperioris - Scapula

The scapula is a paired, flat, triangular bone (Fig. 62) located between the back Muscles in the region from the II to the VII rib, articulating with the clavicle and the humerus.

It presents two surfaces: the anterior surface facing the Ribs, the costal surface, facies costalis [anterior], and the dorsal surface, facies dorsalis, facing backward; three borders: the superior border, margo superior, medial border, margo medialis, and lateral border, margo lateralis; and three angles: the medial angle, angulus medialis, inferior angle, angulus inferior, and lateral angle, angulus lateralis.

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Fig. 62. Scapula: A - external surface

On the superior border of the scapula is the scapular notch, which is sometimes converted into a foramen through which the suprascapular nerve passes. On the superior border, between the notch and the lateral angle, is the coracoid process, processus coracoideus, with its apex directed forward. The medial border faces THE Vertebral Column and is easily palpable through the Skin. The lateral border is thickened and directed toward the axillary region. It bears the glenoid cavity, cavitas glenoidalis, for articulation with the HEAD of the humerus. The glenoid cavity is separated from the body of the scapula by a constriction, the neck of the scapula, collum scapulae. In the region of the neck, above the superior margin of the glenoid cavity, lies the supraglenoid tubercle, tuberculum supraglenoidale, and below the glenoid cavity is the infraglenoid tubercle, tuberculum infraglenoidale.

Fig. 62. Scapula (Continued): B - internal surface

The anterior costal surface is concave and called the subscapular fossa, fossa subscapularis. This is the Water/144.html">Origin of the subscapularis Muscle. The dorsal surface is divided by the spine of the scapula, spina scapulae, into two fossae: the supraspinous fossa, fossa supraspinata, and the infraspinous fossa, fossa infraspinata. The scapular spine is a well-developed ridge, the lateral part of which continues into the acromion, which articulates via its articular surface with the acromial end of the clavicle. Its shapes are classified as falciform, triangular, quadrangular, and intermediate.

Ossification. The center of ossification in the body of the scapula appears at 2–3 months of intrauterine development. A separate center of ossification appears During the first year of Life in the coracoid process, which fuses with the scapula at 16–17 years of age. Complete Ossification of the cartilaginous PARTS OF THE scapula is completed by 18–25 years of age.