BOTANY WITH BASICS OF HYDROBOTANY (AQUATIC PLANTS OF UKRAINE) - B.Ye. Yakubenko - 2011

IV. PLANT ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY

According to modern concepts, the plant kingdom exhibits the following Levels of Organization of living matter: molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organismal, population, biocenotic, and biospheric.

Molecular Level of Plant Organization

Living plants contain 8–95% Water, 5–60% Proteins, 1–2% Nucleic Acids, 3–50% Lipids, 0.2–90% CARBOHYDRATES, 0.4% other organic substances, and 0.5–1.5% inorganic substances.

Organic compounds found in plant organisms are divided by origin into two groups: Primary and secondary synthesis (or origin). The first group includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and Vitamins, while the second comprises organic acids, Phenolic Compounds, Glycosides, Essential Oils, resins, Alkaloids, and others.

Last update: 07/08/2026

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