BIOTECHNOLOGY - Inshyna N.M. - 2009

CHAPTER 5. INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Production of Microbial Cell Components. Industrial Production of Enzymes

It is known that microorganisms synthesize over 2,000 Enzymes. On an industrial scale, about 20 enzymes are produced using microorganisms. The global annual production of enzymes amounts to 65,000 tons.

The application areas of certain enzymes are given in Table 5.2.

Class="center">Table 5.2

Application of Enzymes

Proteases, cellulases, pectinases, amylases, and lipases are produced in the largest quantities. Proteases are used in the food, perfume, and cosmetics industries, in medicine (Treatment of thrombosis and inflammatory processes), and in the film industry (dissolving the gelatin layer during film regeneration). The addition of proteases to animal feed improves its digestibility. Proteases are used to treat fish processing waste and other high-protein feeds. Along with proteases, cellulase enzymes are used as feed additives to hydrolyze Cellulose, the primary component of Plant Cell Walls.

Pectinase enzymes are used in the textile industry (retting of flax prior to processing), winemaking (wine clarification), and the preservation of fruit juices.

The alcohol industry utilizes proteases, pectinases, cellulases, and amylases. Amylases are used to obtain glucose from potato or corn starch. Glucose is a valuable food product for infants, convalescents, and athletes.

Enzymes are also used to produce sugar substitutes. In 1957, glucose isomerase, an enzyme that converts glucose into fructose, was discovered. In 1966, using this enzyme, Japanese scientists obtained fructose syrup from glucose. Today, the world produces 3 million tons of fructose syrup annually, which is used in beverage manufacturing.

Alkaline proteases, lipases, and oxidases are used in The production of synthetic detergents. In 1907, Otto Röhm suggested adding a powder derived from the porcine Pancreas to detergents. Thus, the first detergent with bio-additives was created. Fifty years later, the industrial production of alkaline proteases using Bacillus Bacteria was developed. Today, 80% of synthetic detergents contain proteases (1 kg of detergent contains 0.1 g of the enzyme, with an optimal operating Temperature of 40 - 60°C).

The most common enzyme producers are Bacillus or Aspergillus strains, which are cultivated on protein or starch media. Starch, corn steep liquor, soybean meal, and Yeast biomass hydrolysates are used as carbon sources for Microbial growth. To intensify enzyme synthesis, amino acids, Purines, RNA, and Metal Ions (Mg²⁴, Μη²⁴, Zn^2f, Fe²⁴, Cu²⁴) are added to the nutrient medium.

Two Methods FOR CULTIVATING enzyme producers have been developed: submerged culture (microorganisms are grown in a liquid nutrient medium) and surface culture (microbial culture is grown On the surface of a solid, moistened nutrient medium).

Enzymes are widely used as catalysts in numerous Industrial processes. Enzyme-catalyzed biological processes offer several advantages: they utilize renewable raw Materials, operate under mild conditions (normal pressure and temperature), and their wastes are environmentally safe and recyclable. The industrial application of enzymes is limited by their low stability and sensitivity to high temperatures. These difficulties are overcome by using immobilized enzymes adsorbed onto carriers (organic polymers, Glass, silicates).