BIOTECHNOLOGY - Inshyna N.M. - 2009

CHAPTER 3. CELL ENGINEERING

Animal Cell Cultures. History of the Method

The widespread application of human and ANIMAL Cell CULTURE began with pioneering studies that demonstrated the feasibility of growing Viruses in cell cultures (1949). For this purpose, Cells from human embryonic Kidneys, adult monkey kidneys, and chicken embryos were utilized. The application of cell culture techniques made it possible to obtain viruses in the required quantities, thereby driving The Development of diagnostic Methods for viral diseases and The production of essential Vaccines.

The history of the animal cell culture method can be divided into the following stages:

1) late 19th to early 20th century — it was established that animal tissue cells could be isolated from the Organism and provided with conditions for GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION in vitro;

2) the feasibility of cultivating and propagating viruses in animal cells was demonstrated;

3) the potential of utilizing animal cell cultures to produce viral material for vaccine manufacturing, Gene integration into cells, and generating entire populations from a single cell in culture was substantiated.

Key Milestones in the History of Animal Cell Culture

1885 — Roux demonstrated the feasibility of maintaining living Tissues outside the organism; in his experiments, he showed that chick embryo membranes could survive in a warm physiological saline solution.

1897 — Loeb maintained the viability of Blood and Connective Tissue cells in test tubes containing serum and Blood Plasma.

1898 — Ljunggren demonstrated that human Skin explants could be kept viable while retaining their capacity for reimplantation.

1904 – 1907 — Harrison conducted experiments proving the feasibility of growing isolated cells in vitro; he cultured frog neuroblasts in Lymph fluid and determined that the growth rate of Nerve Cells was 20 µm per 25 min.

1911 — Zoologists Carrel and Burrows successfully cultivated mammalian tissues and cells.

1928 — Caranti developed time-lapse microcinematography to monitor cell cultures.

1948 — Earle successfully isolated cell clones in culture for the first time.

1952 — Gey established a cell line derived from cervical carcinoma

1961 — Hayflick and Moorhead isolated a human diploid cell line and demonstrated that its lifespan in culture is approximately 50 population doublings.

Subsequent breakthroughs in animal cell and tissue culture were largely driven by the development and refinement of synthetic growth media.

Animal and human cell cultivation technologies employ the following methodologies:

- techniques for obtaining Bacteria- and Fungi-free cells;

- techniques for formulating media that support the growth of isolated cells;

- techniques for monitoring cells throughout their dynamic development;

- techniques for the continuous in vitro cultivation of cells.

It has been established that human diploid cells are genetically stable and free from latent and Oncogenic Viruses. Consequently, human diploid cell lines can be utilized to produce valuable biological substances. However, recent studies have shown that these cells may harbor potentially hazardous oncogenes capable of inducing tumorigenesis.