Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications - Glick B., Pasternak J. 2002

Molecular Biotechnology of Microbial Systems
Vaccines
Conclusion

Traditional vaccines contain inactivated or attenuated pathogens (Bacteria or Viruses). These vaccines have several drawbacks: not all pathogens can be cultured in the quantities required for vaccine production; working with large volumes of pathogens requires stringent safety precautions; attenuated strains often revert to virulence; inactivation is frequently incomplete; and the shelf life of the vaccine depends on storage conditions.

Recombinant DNA technology enables The Development of reliable vaccines using various approaches. Deleting genes responsible for virulence yields live vaccines containing non-pathogenic, immunologically active strains that cannot revert to a pathogenic state. Cloned genes encoding the major antigenic determinants of a pathogen are integrated into The Genome of a non-pathogenic carrier (usually a virus), producing a safe, pathogen-free vaccine. Finally, genes or Gene segments encoding the major antigenic determinants of pathogens are inserted into expression vectors to produce the target product in large quantities for use as a vaccine. This latter approach allows for The production of subunit and peptide vaccines (using full-length genes in the former case, and gene fragments encoding domains of major antigenic determinants in the latter). Peptide vaccines can also be produced via chemical Peptide Synthesis.

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Review Questions

1. Briefly describe the method of developing a vaccine against toxin-producing bacteria.

2. What limits The Use of traditional vaccines?

3. Suppose you are working with an international animal health Organization and need to develop a vaccine against a highly virulent bovine virus. The genome is known to be a polyadenylated linear single-stranded RNA, 10 kb in length, containing eight different genes. The virus is non-enveloped, and its primary antigenic determinant is the capsid protein (VP 2). What strategy would you employ?

4. What approaches are used to develop peptide antiviral vaccines?

5. What is the vaccinia virus, and how can it be used to develop unique live recombinant vaccines?

6. Suppose you have isolated an RNA virus that causes rabies in skunks and raccoons. How would you use this purified virus to develop a recombinant vaccine to protect animals from rabies?

7. As a World Health Organization officer, you need to find the optimal way to eradicate rabies in wild animal populations. Suppose you have a peptide vaccine and a vaccinia virus-based vaccine; choose one and justify your decision.

8. How can flagellated bacteria be used as a vaccine?

9. List the advantages of a live recombinant viral vaccine over killed and Subunit Vaccines.

10. Describe several approaches used to develop a cholera vaccine.