BIOTECHNOLOGY - Inshyna N.M. - 2009

CHAPTER 3. CELL ENGINEERING

Plant Cell Engineering. History of the Plant Cell Culture Method

Several distinct periods can be identified in The history of The Cell culture method.

1834 - 1900 — the formulation and development of Cell Theory. The earliest

works on the isolation of plant cell cultures belong to Blociszewski (1876), Brown and Morris (1892), Bonnet and Sachs (1893). In these studies, embryos were isolated from seeds and cultivated under artificial conditions.

1900 - 1922 - The Emergence of the tissue culture concept. In 1902, G. Haberlandt described a method for cultivating individual plant Cells. The foundations of experimental plant Embryology were laid by Mossart (1902). In 1921, Molliard cultivated radish ROOT segments, and Kotte developed a nutrient medium for cultivating root Meristems (1922).

1922 — 1934 - the quest for Methods of long-term tissue cultivation. White and Gautheret established that isolated Tissues can grow in culture indefinitely if they are subcultured onto fresh nutrient media in a timely manner.

1934 - 1960 - The Development of plant tissue culture techniques and research into species capable of in vitro growth. Favorable conditions for the division of individual plant cells in culture were first created in 1954 by Muir, Hildebrandt, and Riker. This method involves using callus tissue to cultivate single cells. The isolated tissue is placed on a filter paper disk resting on the callus tissue from which the cell was derived. Contact between the isolated cells and the callus tissue stimulates their growth and division in culture. Once a tissue mass of 0.5-1 mm is formed from a single cell, it is transferred to a nutrient medium.

By 1960, more than 140 plant species whose cells could be grown in culture had been described. Nutrient media for cell cultivation were developed, and the effects of macro- and microelements, Vitamins, and growth stimulants on cell growth in culture were investigated (Heller, Nitsch, Skoog, Steward, Butenko).

1960 - 1975 - the Development of the protoplast isolation method. E. Cocking obtained protoplasts from tomato root and fruit tissues by treating them with a mixture of pectolytic and cellulolytic Enzymes. This period also saw the development of methods for obtaining virus-free plants from meristematic tissues.

Since 1976, methods for protoplast fusion and hybrid cell Selection, haploid cell culture, and the breeding of new agricultural crop varieties have been developed. Immobilized cell systems have been established for the synthesis of various chemical compounds and their biotransformation. Transgenic Plants have been successfully produced.