PLANT ADAPTATION TO ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS - 2017

5. FUNCTIONS OF GREEN SPACES IN AN ANTHROPOGENICALLY TRANSFORMED ENVIRONMENT

5.3. Architectural and Planning Foundations for Comprehensive Landscaping of Industrial Enterprise Sites

Machine-tool and tool industry. According to current requirements, machine-tool and tool manufacturing enterprises are located in industrial districts or on the outskirts of urban residential areas. Based on sanitary Classification, they belong to hazard classes IV and V, while those incorporating large foundry shops fall into a higher Class. Depending on their capacity, such enterprises typically occupy an area of 3 to 25 hectares, with an average building density of 40-50%. The territory of new plants is usually dominated by a single large building that houses A number of previously segregated shops under one roof. However, smaller auxiliary structures that cannot be integrated due to fire safety and sanitary regulations (such as power blocks, cooling towers, reservoirs, and fuel storage facilities) are also present. The main production shops of machine-tool plants are predominantly single-story, whereas tool-manufacturing plants feature both single-story and multi-story buildings.

Instrument-making and radio-electronics industry. Enterprises in this industrial sector can be divided into two groups based on The Nature of their production. The first group comprises enterprises whose technological processes do not require sealed production rooms. They specialize in manufacturing electrical measuring and other instruments, clocks, televisions, tape recorders, radio receivers, and the like. The second group includes enterprises that feature shops with strict technological regimes requiring high air purity at workstations. These facilities produce semiconductor devices, cathode-ray tubes, receiving and amplifying tubes, electrovacuum devices, and photocells.

Instrument-making and radio-electronic plants, the majority of which belong to hazard class V According to the sanitary classification of industries, require a 50-meter sanitary protection zone. This allows them to be located directly within urban residential areas. Large cities with their polluted atmospheres have a detrimental effect on ultra-precision manufacturing. At enterprises within precision instrument-making and the radio-electronics industry, it is recommended to establish a greening system that prevents dust accumulation on the plant grounds, isolates the production zone with its sealed shops from auxiliary and storage areas, as well as from streets, and so forth. To achieve this, paved surfaces on enterprise grounds should be minimized and restricted strictly to hard Materials. The remaining area should be planted with a resilient turf. Perimeter greening in the form of large tree groups is required around the enterprises wherever feasible. Green spaces at least 30 meters wide should be created near shops with the highest air purity and air intake requirements. Landscaping along the main access roads on the plant grounds should be designed following the example of a urban street. Flowerbeds (such as annuals or rose gardens) or fruit trees—which require periodic soil cultivation and surface exposure—must not be placed near precision-manufacturing shops. For landscaping the grounds of enterprises that require exceptional air purity, it is prohibited to use tree, shrub, and floral species that produce downy seeds, release fibrous matter during flowering, or generate large amounts of pollen. On the territories of such enterprises, it is recommended to create large Water bodies and various water features that prevent dust dispersion and foster a favorable microclimate.

Chemical industry. The diverse product range of the chemical industry is provided by plants producing mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, nitrogen compounds, chlorine, soda, refined petroleum products, plastics, and synthetic fibers, among others. These facilities occupy areas ranging from several hectares to hundreds of hectares, with a site coverage of 30-40%. In most cases, these enterprises belong to hazard classes I and II. The delivery of raw materials, transportation of finished products, and servicing of auxiliary facilities (such as thermal power plants and repair bases) require the installation of railway sidings. The layout Structure OF THE master plan is well-defined, with the territory clearly zoned and divided into separate quarters. The administrative-public, production, auxiliary, and storage zones can be readily distinguished on the enterprise grounds. Industrial technologies are constantly being improved, leading to frequent restructuring and expansion of shops. Chemical plants are characterized by high production hazards, fire and explosion risks, a developed network of underground and overhead utilities, buildings of varying volumes, and the placement of a significant portion of technological equipment in open-air areas. Most chemical enterprises emit substantial quantities of various gases and aerosols into the atmosphere. The gases and aerosols suspended in the air penetrate non-production buildings (such as plant management offices, laboratories, and canteens), thereby deteriorating working and recreational conditions for employees. Consequently, issues related to improving ambient air quality on industrial sites are of paramount importance. On the grounds of chemical facilities that emit harmful gases and liquid aerosols, a system of green spaces must be established to facilitate site aeration, promote the dispersion of pollutants, prevent their penetration into residential zones, and improve working and short-term rest conditions for workers. The foundation of landscaping at such enterprises should consist of gas-resistant turf with a modest inclusion of trees and shrubs. Trees should be planted individually or in small groups (3-5 trees), and shrubs in loose groups. Gas-resistant trees with lacy crowns and high-stemmed trunks, as well as low-growing shrubs, are best suited for this purpose. Vertical gardening should be widely utilized for wall decoration. Planting orchard trees and berry bushes is not recommended on territories of this type.

Textile industry. The textile industry is one of the oldest sectors of light industry, Processing plant-based raw materials (cotton, flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, ramie) and animal-based raw materials (wool, natural silk), as well as chemical and synthetic fibers, into fabrics, non-woven materials, sacks, and rope products. Textile enterprises are represented either by individual factories (cotton mills, spinning, weaving, and finishing mills) or by factories integrated into large textile conglomerates or even textile industrial districts. They occupy areas ranging from several to a hundred or more hectares, with a site coverage density of 60% or higher. According to sanitary classification, these industries belong to hazard classes IV and V, with finishing mills falling into the highest hazard class. Textile enterprises employ a large workforce (ranging from 2 to 20 thousand people or more), with approximately 70% being women. Freight turnover at these enterprises is moderate and handled by railway and motor transport.

Landscaping and greening at textile enterprises are carried out taking into account the large workforce, paying significant attention to organizing pedestrian approaches and driveway access, accommodating personal vehicles, and properly Setting up short-term recreation areas on the factory grounds. In enterprises with high building density, recreation areas are recommended to be arranged on the flat roofs of workshops.

Construction industry. This sector encompasses a complex of heavy industry branches that supply essential building materials for all types of construction work. It primarily comprises enterprises that produce ready-to-assemble structural elements for buildings and structures: reinforced concrete product plants, house-building and woodworking complexes, and steel construction plants. According to the sanitary classification of industries, they belong to hazard class IV. Construction component plants are located separately, mostly in industrial districts or on the boundary with residential areas. They occupy territories ranging from 10 to 90 hectares. Depending on the enterprise's capacity, the site coverage ratio is 40-50%. Freight turnover at this type of enterprise is very high; raw materials are mostly delivered by rail, while finished products are dispatched by motor transport. Storage yards occupy a large area.

The system of green spaces in these areas should help reduce dust and noise levels and prevent their spread into urban residential zones. To this end, green spaces in the form of large groups, massifs, and belts should be planted within and around the production, auxiliary, and storage zones to reduce wind speed and promote dust deposition. Dust-protection plantings should be positioned with respect to prevailing wind directions so that production units and dusty yards fall within the aerodynamic shadow of the green spaces. Dense belts 24 meters wide exert the most effective influence on air currents in both summer and winter. An impenetrable dense green barrier creates a maximum aerodynamic shadow at a distance of up to 2-3 tree heights. The effective influence of green spaces extends up to a distance of 5-8 tree heights.