NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY - Y. V. ALEKSEYENKO - 2014

DICTIONARY OF COMMON NEUROLOGICAL TERMS

Abasia - impaired ability to walk

Absence - a type of epileptic seizure characterized by a brief lapse of consciousness

Abulia - pathological lack of willpower, absence of desires and drives for activity

Ageusia - impairment in The ability to taste substances

Agnosia - impairment of Various Forms of perception (recognition) of the environment through Vision (visual agnosia), Touch (astereognosis), Hearing (auditory agnosia), smell (olfactory agnosia), etc.

Agraphia - disorder of writing

Adiadochokinesia - impairment in the ability to perform rapid alternating movements in opposite directions (e.g., supination and pronation)

Adynamia - immobility or a sharp restriction of active movements

Acairia - compulsive repetition of the same question ("clinging symptom")

Acalculia - disorder of counting and performing arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, etc.)

Akinesia - severe restriction in the amplitude and pace of active movements

Acroparesthesia - sensation of numbness, tingling, and "pins and needles" in the distal PARTS OF THE extremities

Alexia - loss of the ability to read and understand written language

Amaurosis - blindness

Amblyopia - reduced visual acuity

Amimia - absence of facial expression movements

Amyotrophy - Muscle atrophy

Amnesia - memory disorder

Anacusia - deafness

Analgesia - loss of pain sensitivity

Anarthria - loss of speech caused by impaired function of the articulation apparatus

Anesthesia - loss of sensitivity

Anisocoria - inequality of pupil size

Anisoreflexia – inequality of symmetrical Reflexes

Anosognosia – lack of awareness of one's own deficit (e.g., limb paralysis)

Anorexia – loss of appetite

Anosmia – loss of SENSE OF SMELL

Apathy – indifference to the surroundings

Apraxia – impairment in performing complex voluntary motor acts while elementary movements making up the act remain intact

Asynergia – loss of associated movements

Astasia – Impairment of the ability to stand

Astasia-abasia – inability to walk and stand despite preserved muscle strength and coordination of movements

Asthenia – generalized weakness, rapid fatiguability, and exhaustion

Astereognosis – loss of the ability to recognize objects by touch

Ataxia – impairment of movement coordination

Athetosis – hyperkinesia characterized by slow, bizarre, worm-like movements in the distal parts of the limbs (fingers and toes)

Atonia – absence of muscle tone

Aura – result of local cortical irritation manifested as an auditory, olfactory, visual, or other sensation occurring at the very onset of an epileptic seizure (focal component of the seizure)

Autotopagnosia – disturbance of body schema or spatial awareness of one's own body (a limb feels unusually thick, long, etc.)

Aphasia – speech disorder resulting from damage to cortical speech centers; Aphonia – loss of voice

Acheirokinesia – absence of associated arm movements during walking

Bradykinesia – slowness of movement

Bradylalia – abnormally slow speech

Bulimia – pathological excessive food intake

Hemianesthesia – loss of sensation on one side of the body

Hemiballismus – violent, flinging hyperkinesia, manifesting primarily in the limbs

Hemiparesis – reduction in muscle strength and active range of motion on one side of the body

Hemiplegia – paralysis of one side of the body

Hemispasm - spastic contraction of Muscles on one side of the body

Hypoalgesia - reduced pain sensitivity on one side of the body

Hyperacusis - increased hearing sensitivity

Hyperesthesia - increased sensory sensitivity

Hyperkinesia - involuntary or forced excessive movements

Hypermetria - movement overshoot caused by a lack of normal coordination

Hyperpathy - a painful and unpleasant sensation in response to ordinary stimuli, characterized by radiation and aftereffect (persisting after the stimulus has ceased)

Hyperreflexia - exaggerated reflexes

Hypertension - increased muscle tone

Hypertrophy - enlargement of Organs or Tissues

Hypersomnia - pathological sleepiness

Hypoesthesia - reduced sensory sensitivity

Muscle hypotonia - decreased muscle tone

Glossoplegia - paralysis of the Tongue

Divergence - outward turning (of the eyeballs)

Dysarthria - articulation disorder accompanied by indistinct speech

Dysesthesia - distorted perception of stimuli (e.g., touch is felt as pain, cold as warmth, etc.)

Dysosmia - distortion of the sense of smell, where ordinary odors seem harsh or unpleasant

Dysraphia - developmental anomaly of the Skeleton manifested by Kyphosis, Scoliosis, Spina bifida, etc.

Diplopia - double vision

Dissociation of sensory loss - sensory impairment where certain types of sensation are lost while others remain intact

Dysphagia - swallowing disorder

Dysphonia - phonation disorder, hoarseness of voice.

Dysphoria - mood disturbance

Catalepsy - rigidity, immobility

Causalgia - burning pain

Clonus - rhythmic Muscle contraction induced by the stretch of its tendon, manifesting, for example, as rhythmic oscillations of the FOOT, hand, or Patella

Convergence - movement of the eyeballs toward the midline

Cramps - painful muscle spasms (e.g., in the calf muscle)

Xanthochromia - yellowish discoloration of the CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

Lagophthalmos - incomplete closure of the palpebral fissure, causing the Eyeball to roll upward and outward—often referred to as a “hare’s eye.”

Meningism - irritation of the Meninges without inflammatory Changes in the cerebrospinal fluid

Metamorphopsia - distortion in the perception of object shapes and contours

Myasthenia - pathological muscle weakness and fatigue

Myatonia - pathological decrease in muscle tone

Mydriasis - dilation of the pupil

Miosis - constriction of the pupil

Myoclonus - brief, clonic twitching of individual muscles

Monoplegia - paralysis of a single limb

Ophthalmoplegia - paralysis of the extraocular muscles

Paraphasia - a speech disorder characterized by the substitution of one letter for a similar one (literal paraphasia) or one word for another (verbal paraphasia)

Paraplegia - paralysis of two symmetrical limbs (both arms or both legs)

Paresis - reduction in muscle strength, weakness of voluntary movements

Paresthesia - unpleasant sensations such as creeping, numbness, tingling, or stiffness

Perseveration - the tendency to repeat a previously uttered word or phrase

Polydipsia - excessive, pathological thirst

Propulsion - a jerky, forward-推进 movement / forward-rushing gait

Ptosis - drooping of the upper eyelid

Retropulsion - involuntary, jerky backward movement

Rigidity - stiffness, inflexibility

Synergy - coordinated movement or action

Syncinesia - associated movement (e.g., swinging arms while walking)

Strabismus - squint or cross-eye

Stereognosis - the ability to perceive and recognize the form of objects by touch

Thermanesthesia - loss of Temperature sensitivity

Tetraplegia - paralysis of all four limbs

Tone - the state of elastic tension in muscles, tissues, etc.

Tremor - involuntary trembling or shaking

Exophthalmos - abnormal protrusion of the eyeball

Enophthalmos - recession of the eyeball into the Orbit

Enuresis - involuntary urination