General and Sports Anatomy - L.V. Kapilevich, K.V. Davletyarova 2008
Splanchnology
Splanchnology is The Study of Internal Organs. In relation to motor activity, all internal organs are divided into two groups.
Organs supporting motor activity:
1. Digestive System.
5. Lymphatic system.
Systems regulating and controlling motor activity:
1. Endocrine System.
2. Nervous System.
3. Sensory Organs.
Internal organs:
✵ hollow (tubular) — for conducting and Processing contents;
✵ parenchymatous (glands) — secrete substances (juices).
Hollow organs
The wall consists of three layers: mucosal, muscular, and serous.
Mucosa: performs protective, secretory, and absorptive Functions. Its foundation is loose Fibrous Connective Tissue (containing Blood Vessels and nerves), covered with epithelium that forms glands (which secrete substances into the organ cavity): alveolar, tubular, mixed, simple, branched, and compound.
Glands: exocrine (into a cavity), endocrine (into the bloodstream).
Muscular layer: consists of smooth Muscle and has two layers: inner (circular) and outer (longitudinal). There may be an additional layer (oblique fibers) responsible for peristaltic movement, for example in The Stomach. Peristaltic waves propel the Contents of the organ.
Serous membrane. Connective tissue located in the abdominal and thoracic cavities. In the Abdominal cavity, it is the Peritoneum; in the thoracic cavity, the Pleura and Pericardium.
It has two layers: the parietal layer lines the cavity walls, and the visceral layer covers the organs; where the layers meet, the serous membrane forms the mesentery.
Last update: 08/08/2026
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