Human Anatomy (with the Fundamentals of Dynamic and Sports Morphology) - Ivanitsky, M. F. 2008

The Doctrine of the Organs of Internal Secretion
Pineal Gland

The Pineal Gland, or epiphysis cerebri (see Fig. 143), belongs to the epithalamus of the Diencephalon (see p. 339), located between the superior colliculi of the Midbrain tectum (corpora quadrigemina) and connected to the optic thalamus via the habenula. The pineal gland is somewhat shaped like a pine cone, reaching approximately 1 cm in length, about 6 mm in width, and 4 mm in thickness.

Inside the gland, There is a small depression connected to the cavity of the Third ventricle; externally, it is covered by a Connective Tissue capsule that extends inward with trabeculae (septa) dividing the gland into lobules. Blood Vessels and nerves run through these septa. The glandular Cells are polygonal in shape, with cytoplasmic granularity.

The pineal gland reaches its maximum development during childhood. From the age of 7, its involution begins, which is manifested by the proliferation of connective tissue and the deposition of calcium salts within the organ.

The pineal gland produces the hormone melatonin, which activates The Development of pigment cells in the Skin and influences A number of endocrine Organs (the Pituitary Gland, Adrenal Glands, and Gonads), thereby regulating Puberty. In addition, it acts as a biological clock, regulating the daily and seasonal activity of the Organism.

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Fig. 143. Schematic layout (in projection) of major endocrine organs:

1 — pineal gland; 2 — pituitary gland; 3 — thyroid and Parathyroid glands; 4 — Thymus gland; 5 — left Adrenal gland; 6 — Endocrine portion of the Pancreas; 7 — endocrine portion of the Testes (after G. F. Ivanov)



Last update: 08/08/2026

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