Lecture Notes in Human Anatomy - Hryhorieva O.A., Svitlytskyi A.O. 2020

The Science of Viscera (Splanchnologia)
Anatomy of Internal Organs
Modern Methods of Laboratory Research in Anatomy

✵ Instrumental Research Methods represent an essential component of a comprehensive patient evaluation.

✵ They encompass radiological, endoscopic, ultrasound, electrographic, and electrometric modalities for patient examination.

✵ Depending on The Nature of the disease, the physician prescribes the most informative diagnostic Procedure tailored to the specific clinical case.

✵ The Scope of instrumental examination is also determined by local resources, particularly the equipment available at the medical center, outpatient clinic, hospital, or healthcare facility.

Instrumental Research Methods

1.1 Radiological Method of Investigation

1.2 Computed Tomography

1.3 Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)

1.4 Ultrasound Investigation (Ultrasound/US)

1.5 Endoscopic Method of Investigation

1.6 Electrocardiography (ECG)

1.7 Electroencephalography (EEG)

Without radiological data, examinations of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory, and urinary systems are frequently considered incomplete.

X-ray Examination of the Esophagus, Stomach, duodenum, Small Intestine, and colon is typically performed using a contrast agent—an aqueous suspension of chemically pure barium sulfate. By strongly absorbing X-rays, barium sulfate makes all sections of the digestive tract visible as it progresses.

Computed tomography (CT) is a non-destructive cross-sectional imaging method used to examine the Internal Structure of an object. It was proposed in 1972 by Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack, who were awarded the Nobel Prize for this development. The method is based on measuring and performing complex computer Processing of the differences in X-ray attenuation by Tissues of varying densities. Currently, X-ray Computed Tomography is the primary tomographic method for examining human Internal Organs using X-ray radiation.

Spiral CT has been used in clinical practice since 1988, when Siemens Medical Solutions introduced the first spiral computed tomograph. Spiral scanning involves the simultaneous execution of two actions: the continuous Rotation of the source—an X-ray tube generating radiation—around the patient's body, and the continuous translational movement of the patient table along the longitudinal z-axis of scanning through the gantry aperture. In this case, the trajectory of the X-ray tube relative to the z-axis (the direction of movement of the patient table) takes the form of a helix.

Multidetector ("multi-slice" or "multispiral") computed tomography (MSCT) was first introduced by Elscint Co. in 1992. The fundamental difference between MSCT and previous generations of spiral scanners is that two or more rows of detectors are arranged around the circumference of the gantry. To allow X-ray radiation to be simultaneously received by detectors located in different rows, a new volumetric geometric beam shape was developed.

Endoscopy is an examination involving the direct visual inspection of the internal surface of hollow or tubular organs (esophagus, stomach, duodenum, colon) using specialized instruments called endoscopes.

In gastroenterology, endoscopy is used to examine the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), duodenum (duodenoscopy), rectum and sigmoid colon (sigmoidoscopy), and the entire colon (colonoscopy).

In each specific case, endoscopy is performed using a specialized endoscope, which varies slightly in design to accommodate the Anatomical and physiological Features of the organ being examined.

Endoscopes are named after the specific organ they are designed for.

The diagnostic value of endoscopy in gastrointestinal diseases is significantly enhanced by The ability to collect material from the mucosal surface during the procedure

for cytological analysis (i.e., studying the shape and structure of tissue Cells) or tissue samples for histological and histochemical examination (biopsy).