PLANT HETEROPHYLLY - O.M. NEDUKHA - 2011

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE. MORPHOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETATIVE ORGANS IN HETEROPHYLLOUS PLANTS

1.1.PLANT SPECIES EXHIBITING HETEROPHYLLY

1.2.ORIGIN OF HETEROPHYLLY

1.3.LEAF SHAPE IN HETEROPHYLLOUS PLANTS

1.4.EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ON THE EXPRESSION OF HETEROPHYLLY IN PLANTS

1.5.PLANT GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS

1.6.ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF LEAVES AND STEMS IN HETEROPHYLLOUS PLANTS

   1.6.1.Leaves of Sium latifolium

   1.6.2.Leaves of Sagittaria sagittifolia

   1.6.3.Leaves of Nuphar lutea

   1.6.4.Plant stems

1.7.LEAF EPIDERMIS IN HETEROPHYLLOUS PLANTS

   1.7.1.Stomata

   1.7.2.Cuticle and wax

   1.7.3.Hydathodes, trichomes, and hydropotes

   1.7.4.Water transport and the role of aquaporins

1.7.5.Leaf surface structure in heterophyllous plants

     1.7.5.1.Sium latifolium

     1.7.5.2.Sagittaria sagittifolia

     1.7.5.3. Nuphar lutea

1.8.Leaves of Sium latifolium

   1.8.1.ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF LEAF AND ROOT CELLS

   1.8.2. Aerenchyma of leaves, stems, and roots

1.9. FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEAVES

   1.9.1. The role of CO₂ assimilation

   1.9.2. The role of photosynthetic pigments

   1.9.3. Energy and carbohydrate metabolism

   1.9.4. Plants with C₃ and C₄ pathways of photosynthesis

Conclusions

CHAPTER TWO. MECHANISMS OF HETEROPHYLLY IN PLANTS

2.1. EXOGENOUS FACTORS AFFECTING THE FUNCTIONING OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC CELLS IN HETEROPHYLLOUS PLANTS

   2.1.1. Light intensity

   2.1.2. Carbon nutrition substrates

2.2. ENDOGENOUS MECHANISMS OF HETEROPHYLLY IN PLANTS

   2.2.1. Phytohormonal regulation

   2.2.2. The role of cellulose

   2.2.3. Ca²⁺ as a secondary messenger in regulatory processes

   2.2.4. The role of gene expression involved in the regulation of cell division and elongation

Conclusions

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

References