IMMUNOLOGY - Roitt I. - Mir 2000

Appendices

Appendix III: Major Cytokines

Class="center">Cytokine	Immune Cells - producers	Other cells	Main target cells	Main effects
IL-1α IL-1β	Macrophages, BGL, B cells	Endothelium, fibroblasts, astrocytes, etc.	T cells, B cells, macrophages, endothelium, tissue cells	Lymphocyte activation, macrophage stimulation, enhanced leukocyte/endothelial Cell Adhesion, fever, acute-phase protein production
IL-2	T cells		T cells	T-cell proliferation and differentiation, activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes and macrophages
IL-3	T cells	Stem cells		Polypotent colony-stimulating factor
IL-4	T cells		B cells, T cells	B-cell growth factor, isotype Selection - stimulation of IgE and IgG1 synthesis
IL-5	T cells		B cells	B-cell growth and differentiation factor, stimulation of IgA synthesis (selection)
IL-6	T cells, B cells	Fibroblasts, macrophages	B cells, hepatocytes	B-Cell Differentiation, induction of acute-phase Protein Synthesis
IL-7		Bone Marrow stromal cells	Pre-B cells, T cells	B- and T-cell proliferation
IL-8	Monocytes	Fibroblasts	Neutrophils, basophils, T cells, keratinocytes	Chemotaxis, angiogenesis, superoxide radical release, degranulation
IL-9	T cells			Enhancement of T-cell survival, mast cell activation, synergistic action with Erythropoietin
IL-10	T cells		Th1 cells	Inhibition of cytokine synthesis
IL-11		Bone marrow stromal cells	Hematopoietic osteoclast precursors	Osteoclast formation, colony-stimulating factor, increased platelet count in vivo, suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production
IL-12	Monocytes		T cells	Induction of Th1 cells
IL-13	Activated T cells		Monocytes, B cells	B-cell growth and differentiation, suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production
IL-14	T cells			Stimulates proliferation of activated B cells, inhibits Ig secretion
IL-15	Monocytes	Epithelium, Muscle cells	T cells, activated B cells	Proliferation
IL-16	Eosinophils, CD8⁺ T cells		CD4⁺ T cells	CD4⁺ T-cell chemotaxis
IL-17	CD4⁺ T lymphocytes		Epithelium, fibroblasts, endothelium	Release of IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, PGE2, increased ICAM-1 levels, stimulation of fibroblast ability to support growth of CD34⁺ precursors
IL-18		Hepatocytes	Peripheral Blood mononuclear cells	Induces IFN-γ production, enhances NK cell activity
TNFα	Macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes		Macrophages, granulocytes, tissue cells	Activation of macrophages, granulocytes, and cytotoxic cells, enhanced leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesion, cachexia, fever, induction of acute-phase protein synthesis, stimulation of angiogenesis, increased production of class II MHC Antigens
TNFβ (LT)	Lymphocytes			Similar to TNFα
IFNα	Leukocytes	Epithelium, fibroblasts	Tissue cells	Induction of class I MHC antigen synthesis, antiviral effect, stimulation of NK cells, antiproliferative effect, stimulation of IL-12 production and Th1 cell functions
IFNβ		Fibroblasts, epithelium	Tissue cells, leukocytes	Induction of class I MHC antigen synthesis, antiviral and antiproliferative effects
IFNγ	T cells, NK cells	Epithelium, fibroblasts	Leukocytes, tissue cells, Th2 cells	Induction of class I and II MHC antigen synthesis, macrophage activation, endothelial cell/lymphocyte adhesion, cytokine synthesis by macrophages, antiviral and antiproliferative (Th1 cells) effects
M-CSF	Monocytes	Endothelium, fibroblasts		Proliferation of macrophage precursors
G-CSF	Macrophages	Fibroblasts	Stem cells	Stimulation of division and differentiation
GM-CSF	T cells, macrophages	Endothelium, fibroblasts		Activator of granulocyte and macrophage precursor proliferation
MIF	T cells		Macrophages	Migration inhibition
MCP-1	Monocytes	Epithelium	Monocytes, T cells, mast cells, basophils, stem cells	Chemotaxis, adhesion, histamine release, suppression of colony formation
MIP-1α	T cells, monocytes, neutrophils	Fibroblasts	Monocytes, T AND B cells, NK cells, mast cells, eosinophils, dendritic cells, stem cells	Chemotaxis, respiratory burst, adhesion, suppression of colony formation
RANTES	T cells		Monocytes, T cells, NK cells, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic cells	Chemotaxis, histamine release
Eotaxin	Monocytes		Eosinophils	Chemotaxis
IP-10	Monocytes		T cells, NK cells, endothelial cells	Chemotaxis, cytolytic activity, suppression of angiogenesis

Abbreviations: IL - interleukin; TNF - tumor necrosis factor; IFN - interferon; M-CSF - macrophage colony-stimulating factor; G-CSF - granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF - granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MIF - macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MCP - monocyte chemotactic protein; MIP - macrophage inflammatory protein; RANTES - Regulated on Activation Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted.

Last update: 13/08/2026

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