Tuberculosis - I.T. Piatnochka 2005

Preface

Class="center">List of Abbreviations and Terms

ATK - Koch's old tuberculin

BCG - Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

TB - Koch's bacillus

Newly Diagnosed TB - newly diagnosed tuberculosis

WHO - World Health Organization

INH - isonicotinic acid hydrazide

Hist - histological examination

Destr - presence of destruction

TV - tidal volume

RF - respiratory failure

VC - vital capacity

Cult - culture examination

OUR₂ - oxygen utilization ratio

RRC - respiratory reserve coefficient

MEC - medical advisory commission

Smear - smear Cell/15.html">Microscopy for acid-fast bacilli

MB - Mycobacterium tuberculosis

MVL - maximum ventilation of the Lungs

MH - Ministry of Health

FEF - forced expiratory flow

MSEC - medical and social expert commission

ICD - International Statistical Classification of Diseases

FEV₁ - forced expiratory volume in one second

PAS - para-aminosalicylic acid

PPD – purified protein derivative of tuberculin

PEF – peak expiratory flow

EPTB – Extrapulmonary tuberculosis

PTM – pneumotachometry

AIRP – air movement rate index

Resist – drug resistance of MTB to first- and/or second-line drugs

RTB – tuberculosis relapse

SG – spirography

AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

MEF – mean expiratory flow

PT – Pulmonary Tuberculosis

TU – tuberculin unit

US – ultrasound Diagnostics

FVC – forced vital capacity

CCF – Chronic Cor Pulmonale

CLRD – chronic nonspecific lung diseases

MV – minute volume of Respiration

CTB – chronic tuberculosis

RR – respiratory rate

ESR – ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE

To the Medical Student

Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient diseases that can affect all Organs and systems, ruthlessly claiming the lives of millions of people of all ages and genders every year. Strive, through your profound knowledge and diligent future creative practice, to overcome this extremely dangerous and sometimes insidious ailment. This is the sacred duty of physicians of all specialties and of society as a whole.

Authors

Preface

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared tuberculosis a global emergency. According to its projections, 90 million new cases of tuberculosis are expected worldwide over the decade. Of those who fall ill, approximately 30 million people may die within this decade unless the response to this global challenge is radically improved.

Today, scientists worldwide distinguish a triple tuberculosis epidemic: the first is standard, easily treatable tuberculosis; the second is drug-resistant tuberculosis; and the third is the HIV/TB co-epidemic.

According to WHO criteria, a tuberculosis epidemic has been officially registered in Ukraine since 1995. In 2004, the incidence rate for all forms of tuberculosis was 80.9 cases per 100,000 population, compared to a global average of 70.7 per 100,000. In Ukraine, tuberculosis accounts for 80.7% of all deaths caused by infectious and parasitic diseases. Furthermore, if tuberculosis cases were recorded through active screening rather than passive case-finding, the incidence rate would increase 1.5–2 times. It is particularly alarming that tuberculosis is affecting younger demographics, with rising rates among children as well as individuals of working and reproductive age. Familial cases of tuberculosis have become more frequent, and year after year, There is a growing proportion of patients presenting with severe, disseminated, and advanced forms of the disease.

Overall, 82 new tuberculosis cases are diagnosed daily in Ukraine, and 30 patients die. Approximately 10,000 of our compatriots die from tuberculosis each year. The incidence of tuberculosis among healthcare workers has increased significantly; specifically, between 1990 and 2002, infection rates among medical staff rose more than 15-fold. Over the past decade, the incidence of tuberculosis among employees of specialized TB facilities has surged 26 times, rising from 30 individuals in 1990 to 787 in 2002.

The epidemiological situation regarding bovine tuberculosis in agricultural animals also remains critical, posing a serious public health threat and a major source of infection in Ukraine, as the animal morbidity rate is 2.7 times higher than that among humans.

Consequently, The Challenge of combating tuberculosis globally and in Ukraine in particular is highly pressing, and its resolution requires substantial coordinated efforts primarily at the state, public, and healthcare system levels. Therefore, knowledge of phthisiology is essential for physicians across various specialties. Furthermore, the authors hope that this textbook will serve as a valuable, up-to-date reference on tuberculosis for students, educators, phthisiologists, pulmonologists, and practitioners in other medical fields.