Human Anatomy, Part 1 - K. A. Dyubenko, A. K. Kolomiytsev, Y. B. Chaykovsky 2002

Special Part
Axial skeleton, sceleton axiale - Bones of the facial skull

The BONES OF THE facial Skeleton include:

- Maxilla, os maxilla;

- Inferior nasal concha, concha nasalis inferior;

- Mandible, mandibula;

- Palatine bone, os palatinum;

- Zygomatic bone, os zygomaticus;

- Vomer, vomer;

- Nasal bone, os nasale;

- Hyoid bone, os hyoideum;

- Lacrimal bone, os lacrimale;

- auditory ossicles, ossicula auditus (see "Middle ear").

The main ones are the maxilla, mandible, and zygomatic bone, which form the facial skeleton and determine its shape. The smaller bones of the facial skeleton cluster around these main bones: the nasal, lacrimal, palatine, vomer, and nasal conchae. The facial skeleton is traditionally divided into the nasal and maxillary regions (Braus H., 1929). The nasal region comprises the greater part of the Ethmoid bone, inferior nasal concha, nasal bone, lacrimal bone, and vomer. The maxillary region encompasses the maxilla, palatine bone, zygomatic bone, mandible, and hyoid bone. The auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) are also located within the Skull. The bones of the facial skeleton articulate with each other and with the neurocranium via sutures, with the exception of the mandible and the hyoid bone. The mandible articulates via the temporomandibular joint, whereas the hyoid bone is attached by ligaments.