Human Anatomy, Part 1 - K. A. Diubenko, A. K. Kolomiitsev, Yu. B. Chaikovsky 2002

Special Part
Splanchnology, splanchnologia [the study of viscera] — Digestive system, systema digestorium
Structure of teeth — Structure of permanent teeth — X-ray anatomy of teeth

Dental X-ray Examination is the primary method used to determine the shape and position of Teeth within the jaw sockets (alveoli), identify pathological processes in hard dental Tissues and the periodontium, and monitor the effectiveness of treatments. Radiography serves as the principal technique for dental imaging. Dental and jaw radiographs are captured using specialized dental X-ray machines designed specifically for clinical imaging. To perform dental radiography, exposures are taken in a direct projection at various angles using either intraoral or extraoral techniques. Intraoral contact radiography is the most widely used method, as it yields exceptionally clear images.

Radiographs clearly reveal the anatomical details of a tooth, including its crown, roots, pulp cavity, ROOT canals, and periapical tissues. The pulp cavity and root canals, filled with soft tissue, appear as radiolucent areas in the center of the tooth. The interdental septa are pointed in the anterior tooth region and shaped like a beveled pyramid in the premolars and molars. These septa consist of cancellous bone with a trabecular, loop-like Structure, bounded along the periphery by a well-defined cortical plate of the alveolar socket.

The bone architecture of the Maxilla and Mandible exhibits distinct characteristics. The maxilla features a fine-meshed structure with multidirectional bone trabeculae, whereas the mandible possesses a coarse-meshed structure with predominantly horizontally oriented bone trabeculae. Panoramic radiography is performed to image both upper and lower dental arches, providing a comprehensive Overview of the roots and periapical tissues of all teeth. This Procedure is routinely utilized during population health screenings.

To visualize the maxillofacial region—including the dental arches, alveolar processes, maxillary sinuses, temporomandibular joints, distal infraorbital canal, mandibular canals, and mental foramen—panoramic radiography (orthopantomography) is performed using a single film (Fig. 219 A, B).

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Fig. 219. Orthopantomogram:

A — male child (9 yrs.); B — adult male (35 yrs.); C — elderly individual (74 yrs.)

The Blood supply to the maxillary teeth is provided by Branches of the maxillary artery, a. maxillaris.

The posterior superior alveolar artery, a. alveolaris superiors posterior, branches off to supply the teeth. The anterior superior alveolar Arteries, aa. alveolares superiores anteriores, originate from the infraorbital artery, a. infraorbitalis. The mandibular teeth receive their blood supply from the inferior alveolar artery, a. alveolares inferior, which runs through the mandibular canal, canalis mandibularis. Along its course, it gives off dental branches, rаmі dentales, gingival branches, rаmі gingivales, and interalveolar branches, rami inter- alveolares to the walls of the tooth sockets. Venous drainage is carried out by venae comitantes, which channel blood into the pterygoid venous plexus, plexus venosus pterygoideus.

Lymphatic drainage from the maxillary teeth proceeds via efferent Lymphatic vessels into the submental, submandibular, parotid, and occipital Lymph Nodes, whereas drainage from the mandibular teeth flows directly into the submandibular lymph nodes.

Innervation of the teeth is supplied by the second and third branches of the Trigeminal nerve. The maxillary teeth are innervated by the superior alveolar nerves, nn.alveolares superiores (branches of n. maxillaris). From these, the anterior superior alveolar branches, rr. aheolises superiores anteriores, extend to the incisors; the middle superior alveolar branch, r. alveolaris superior medius, supplies the premolars; and the posterior superior alveolar branches, rr. alveolares superiores posteriores, supply the molars. These branches form the superior dental plexus, plexus dentalis superior, from which dental branches penetrate the pulp through the root canal alongside the corresponding artery, innervating the upper teeth and gingiva. The mandibular teeth are innervated by branches of the inferior alveolar nerve, n. alveolaris inferior (a branch of n. mandibularis). Traveling through the canalis mandibularis, it gives off branches that form the inferior dental plexus, plexus dentalis inferior, which in turn gives rise to the inferior dental branches, rr. dentales inferiores, and inferior gingival branches, rr. gingivales.