Human Anatomy Part 1 - K. A. Dyubenko, A. K. Kolomiysev, Y. B. Chaykovsky 2002

Special Part
Joints of the bones of the lower limb, juncturae membri inferioris - Joints of the bones of the leg
Foot deformities

Among congenital FOOT deformities, the following are encountered: absence of part of a toe, a reduced number of Phalanges, shortened toes, polydactyly (extra toes), cleft foot, Clubfoot, hollow foot, equine foot, calcaneus foot, and valgus foot (Fig. 112).

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Fig. 112. Foot deformities:

A - equinus foot; B - calcaneus foot; C - valgus foot; D - varus foot (according to V. V. Kovanov and A. A. Travin)

Hollow foot, pes excavatus, is characterized by an extremely high arch with protrusion of the tarsal and Metatarsal Bones. The medial and lateral margins of the foot are curved in an arch shape. The hindfoot (calcaneus) is in a slight position of supination, while the forefoot is in pronation.

Equine foot, pes equinus, is characterized by excessive plantar flexion. When walking, the foot rests on the toes and metatarsal heads. This foot position results from contracture of the calf Muscle of the leg.

Calcaneus foot, pes calcaneus, is characterized by excessive dorsiflexion and is the exact opposite of the equinus foot in shape. When walking, the main support falls on the heel. The causes of this pathology are poliomyelitis and paralysis of the calf muscle of the leg.

Valgus foot, pes valgus, is characterized by medial rotation around the longitudinal axis. The foot is pronated, and when walking, it bears weight on its medial margin. The ankle joint area is deformed, and the metatarsal bones protrude sharply forward. The cause of this foot shape is the weakening of the Ligaments and Muscles of the anterior leg compartment.

Varus foot, pes varus, associated with clubfoot — pes equinovarus, has the Skeletal Structure rotated outward around the longitudinal axis. The foot is supinated, and during walking, it rests on the outer-lateral surface. The heel is drawn upward and turned inward. The forefoot is turned inward. The plane of the sole approaches the vertical. When walking, the anterior and posterior support points are lost. The weight-bearing surface of the sole is minimal, and a person maintains balance through compensatory trunk movements.