BOTANY WITH BASICS OF HYDROBOTANY (AQUATIC PLANTS OF UKRAINE) - B.Ye. Yakubenko - 2011

X. SEED PLANTS

Order Polygonales

Perennial and annual herbs, shrubs, lianas, rarely trees. Phyllotaxy alternate, rarely opposite or whorled. Leaves simple, mostly entire, usually (with few exceptions) possessing a tubular ochrea at the base formed by fused stipules. Flowers small, bisexual (clinomorphic), rarely unisexual (then usually dioecious, actinomorphic, apetalous), gathered in inflorescences. Calyx synsepalous, persistent in fruit, trimerous (3+3 or 3) or pentamerous, rarely dimerous. Stamens generally six in two whorls, though occasionally ranging from three to nine or more due to the duplication of the outer whorl and reduction of some stamens in the inner whorl; filaments free or connate. A ring-shaped nectar disc is often present around the Base of the Ovary, or nectaries are situated between the bases of the filaments. Gynoecium syncarpous (lysi- or coenocarpous), composed of two to three, rarely four carpels, with free or more or less fused stylodia. Ovary superior, with a single basal ovule. Fruit a nutlet. Seed containing a straight or curved eccentric embryo surrounded by copious mealy endosperm.



Last update: 07/08/2026

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