Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of the Organs of Hearing, Vision, and Speech - Shvetsov A.G. 2006

Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of the Visual Analyzer
Pathology of the Visual Analyzer

Among the numerous pathologies of The Organ of Vision, which, According to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), comprise more than 200 conditions affecting THE EYE AND its adnexa, special education teachers are interested in only a few that directly cause visual impairment. Their primary focus, however, is the state of the visual system at its various levels—from peripheral to central—namely, the functional integrity of the visual channel through which environmental information is received.

Another important consideration is that special education teachers primarily deal with chronic, long-term eye conditions that drastically reduce the informational value of the visual system. In this regard, congenital and acquired visual impairments associated with partial or complete vision loss are undoubtedly the most prominent.

Impairments in the perception of visual stimuli may be associated with damage to various Components of the visual system:

1. the receptive apparatus—The Optical System of the eye and the retina;

2. the conducting apparatus—lesions of the Optic nerve and visual pathways in the subcortical structures and the Cerebral Cortex;

3. the Processing apparatus—lesions of the subcortical and cortical visual centers.



Last update: 11/08/2026

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