Medical Radiology - Lazar A.P. 2008
Radiological Examination of the Digestive System
Diseases of the Major Salivary Glands
Scheme for X-ray Examination and Description of the Gastrointestinal Tract
1. X-ray Examination technique: with or without contrast enhancement.
2. Object of study.
3. Projection of examination.
4. Evaluation of radiograph quality.
B. Detailed Evaluation:
1. Shape and position of the organ (normal; if altered, specify the changes).
2. Size of the organ (unchanged, enlarged, reduced; narrowing or dilation of the alimentary tract is present).
3. Contours of the organ (sharp, smooth, or altered: blurred, irregular, wavy, notched).
4. State of the mucosal folds (unchanged, thickened, smoothed, tortuous, rigid, not visible; convergence, divergence).
5. Additional shadow or filling defect (absent; if present, describe position, shape, size, and contours).
6. Organ tone (if functional disorders are present, indicate whether they are of a hypo- or hypertonic type).
7. Peristalsis, passage, and evacuation of the contrast agent (normal, accelerated, delayed, absent) – evaluated during fluoroscopy.
C. Correlation of findings with medical history, clinical, instrumental, and laboratory data.
D. Conclusion.
Scheme for the analysis and description of radionuclide Liver examination
A. Liver scanogram.
1. Type of scanogram (color, black-and-white, line scan).
2. Projection of examination (anteroposterior, lateral).
3. Position of the lower edge of the liver relative to the costal margin.
4. Shape of the liver image (triangular, rounded, irregular).
5. Liver dimensions (vertical along the midclavicular line, horizontal).
6. Contours of the liver image (smooth, irregular).
7. Degree of radiopharmaceutical uptake and its distribution in the liver: uniform, non-uniform – with individual large areas of absent uptake (cold spots) and increased uptake (hot spots), or diffuse non-uniform uptake. If solitary focal uptake regions are present, indicate their number, localization, shape, and size.
8. Visualization of the Spleen. If the spleen is visualized, indicate its shape and size, The Relationship of its lower contour to the costal margin, and the intensity of radiopharmaceutical uptake compared to that of the liver.
9. Conclusion regarding the absence of pathological changes or indicating an existing pathological syndrome.
B. Radiohepatogram.
1. Height of the vascular segment (normal 1.5–2.5 cm).
2. Uptake angle (normal 40–60°).
3. Time of maximum radiopharmaceutical accumulation (normal 14–18 min).
4. Time of radiopharmaceutical entry into the duodenum (normal 21–30 min).
Last update: 08/08/2026
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