ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMY - G.L. Bilich - 2014

THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

BONES OF THE UPPER LIMB

The bones (Skeleton) of the upper limbs are divided into the BONES OF THE Pectoral Girdle and the bones of the free upper limb (see Figs. 84, 85). The pectoral girdle (cingulum membri superioris) is represented on each side by two bones—the scapula and the clavicle—which are attached to the Thorax by Muscles and ligaments. Anteriorly and medially, the clavicle articulates with the Sternum via a joint. This joint and the clavicle as the sole bone connecting the upper limb to the Axial Skeleton allow for a wide range of motion in the upper limb. The Skeleton of the free upper limb (skeleton membri superioris liberi) comprises the humerus, ulna, radius, and hand bones. These bones are movably articulated with one another, particularly in the forearm and hand regions, which are inherently adapted for labor activities.



Last update: 08/08/2026

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