Influenza: Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention - V.D. Moskaliuk 2010

Influenza
Laboratory Diagnostics

Rhinocytoscopic examination: impression smears from the Inferior nasal concha, stained with a mixture of basic fuchsin and methylene blue, are examined. Broad, well-contoured red inclusions are found in the Cytoplasm of the columnar epithelium, as well as in the cytoplasm of degenerated macrophages and leukocytes.

Rapid Diagnostics: detection of the specific viral antigen using the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) (nasal smears, secretions, nasopharyngeal washings, autopsy material). The indirect hemadsorption reaction (I-HAdR) with sheep erythrocytes can also be applied. The passive hemadsorption reaction (P-HAdR) is performed using an erythrocyte antibody diagnosticum.

Virus isolation in chicken embryos: 0.1 ml is inoculated into the amniotic cavity and 0.2 ml into the allantoic cavity of 10-11-day-old chicken embryos. Identification of the isolated Viruses is carried out using CF (Complement fixation) and HI (hemagglutination inhibition) assays.

Virus isolation in tissue culture: monolayer trypsinized cultures derived from monkey Kidneys, human embryos, one-day-old chicks, and continuous Cell lines such as MDCK and LLC-MK2 are infected. Identification is performed via the HI assay or the hemagglutination inhibition test in infected cell cultures (HAdI).

Virological method: virus isolation in chicken embryos and tissue culture, followed by identification using specific antisera in the following assays: HI, CF, NT (neutralization test), and FAT.

Serological method: detection of Antibodies against Influenza Viruses in paired convalescent sera using the following assays: HI, CF, NT, ID (immunodiffusion), IHA, RRG (radial hemolysis-gel), Direct and Indirect FAT, ELISA, RIA, and PHA. The fluorescent antibody technique is primarily used for the rapid Diagnosis of influenza.



Last update: 10/08/2026

Editorial and Educational Adaptation: This material has been compiled based on the primary/original source text. The project team performed an editorial review, corrected technical inaccuracies, structured sections, and adapted the content for an educational format.

What was processed:

  • elimination of formatting defects (OCR errors, structural breaks, corrupted characters);
  • editorial organization of content;
  • standardization of terminology in accordance with academic sources;
  • verification of factual statements against the original source text.

All mentions of the author, publication year, and origin of the primary text have been preserved in accordance with the source.