Human Anatomy - Kotsan I. Ya. 2009

Lymphatic System
Lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of specific body regions
Age-related features of the lymphatic system

In newborns, adolescents, and youths, lymphatic capillaries have a relatively larger diameter than in adults; their contours are smooth. The lymphatic capillary networks are dense and fine-meshed.

In adults, lymphatic capillaries have a smaller diameter, becoming narrower, and some capillaries transform into Lymphatic vessels. Between the ages of 35 and 50, signs of age-related involution appear in the lymphatic bed. The contours of the lymphatic capillaries become uneven. The lymphatic networks exhibit unclosed loops, as well as protrusions and swellings of the capillary walls. In elderly and senile age, the phenomena of lymphatic capillary reduction are more pronounced.

In newborns and children of the first years of life, lymphatic vessels appear beaded due to constrictions (narrowings) in the region of the Valves, which are not yet fully formed. The valve apparatus of the lymphatic vessels reaches maturity only by the age of 13—15.

At the age of 40—50 years, signs of lymphatic vessel reduction are observed. In places, wall protrusions appear, the number of anastomoses between lymphatic vessels decreases, especially between superficial and deep ones. Some vessels empty entirely. The walls of lymphatic vessels in elderly and senile people thicken, and their lumen decreases.

The Thoracic duct in newborns and older children is correspondingly smaller in size than in adults, and its wall is thin. The thoracic duct reaches its maximum development in adulthood. In elderly and senile age, Connective Tissue proliferates in the wall of the thoracic duct along with some Atrophy of the smooth musculature.

Basic Latin terms

Lymphatic system — systema lymphaticum

Lymph — lympha

Lymphatic capillaries (lymphocapillary vessels) — vasa lymphocapillaria

Lymphocapillary networks — rete lymphocapillaria

Lymphatic vessels — vasa lymphatica

Lymphatic plexus — plexus lymphaticus

Superficial lymphatic vessel — vas lymphaticum superficiale

Deep lymphatic vessel — vas lymphaticum profundum

Lymphatic trunks — trunci lymphatici

Jugular trunk, right/left — truncus jugularis dexter/sinister

Subclavian trunk, right/left — truncus subclavius dexter/sinister

Bronchomediastinal trunk, right/left — truncus bronhomediastinalis dexter/sinister

Lumbar trunk, right/left — truncus lumbalis dexter/sinister

Intestinal trunk — truncus intestinalis

Lymphatic ducts — ductus lymphatici

Thoracic duct — ductus thoracicus

Abdominal part — pars abdominalis

Thoracic part — pars thoracica

Cervical part — pars cervicalis

Arch of the thoracic duct — arcus ductus thoracici

Cisterna chyli (lymph reservoir) — cisterna chyli

Right lymphatic duct — ductus lymphaticus dexter

Lymph Nodes — nodi lymphatici

Capsule of the lymph node — capsula nodi lymphatici

Hilum of the lymph node — hilus nodi lymphatici

Cortex — cortex

Medulla — medulla

Lymph nodes of the HEAD and Neck

Occipital lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici occipitales

Mastoid (retroauricular) lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici mastoidei

Parotid lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici parotidei

Superficial parotid lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici parotidei superficiales

Deep parotid lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici parotidei profundi

Retropharyngeal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici retropharyngeales

Facial lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici faciales

Submandibular lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici submandibulares

Submental lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici submentales

Superficial cervical lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici cervicales superficiales

Deep cervical lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici cervicales profundi

Prelaryngeal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici prelaryngeales

Thyroid lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici thyroidei

Pretracheal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici pretracheales

Paratracheal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici paratracheales

Lateral deep cervical lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici cervicales laterales profundi

Jugulodigastric node — nodus jugulodigastricus

Jugulo-omohyoid node — nodus juguloomohyoideus

Lymph nodes of the upper limb

Cubital lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici cubitales

Axillary lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici axillares

Lateral lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici laterales

Medial (pectoral) lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici mediales (pectorales)

Subscapular lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici subscapulares

Inferior lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici inferiores

Central lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici centrales

Apical lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici apicales

Axillary lymphatic plexus — plexus lymphaticus axillaris

Lymph nodes of the thoracic cavity

Parasternal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici parasternales

Intercostal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici intercostales

Superior diaphragmatic lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici phrenici superiores

Lateral pericardial lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici pericardiales laterales

Prepericardial lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici prepericardiales

Anterior mediastinal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici mediastinales anteriores

Posterior mediastinal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici mediastinales posteriores

Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici bronchopulmonales

Inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici tracheobronchiales inferiores

Superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici tracheobronchiales superiores

Lymph nodes of the Abdominal cavity

Lumbar lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici lumbales

Left lumbar lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici lumbales sinistri

Lateral aortic lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici aortici laterales

Preaortic lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici preaortici

Postaortic lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici postaortici

Right lumbar lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici lumbales dextri

Precaval lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici precavales

Postcaval lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici postcavales

Lateral caval lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici cavales laterales

Intermediate lumbar lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici lumbales intermedii

Celiac lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici coeliaci

Left gastric lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici gastrici sinistri

Right gastric lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici gastrici dextri

Cardiac lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici cardiaci

Lymphatic ring of the cardiac orifice — anulus lymphaticus cardiae

Pyloric lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici pylorici

Left and right gastro-omental lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici gastroomentales sinistri/dextri

Pancreatic lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici pancreatici

Pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici pancreaticoduodenales

Node of the omental foramen — nodus foraminalis

Splenic lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici lienales (splenici)

Hepatic lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici hepatici

Cystic lymph node — nodus cysticus

Superior mesenteric lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici mesenterici superiores

Cecal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici caecales

Ileocolic lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici ileocolici

Right colic lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici colici dextri

Mesocolic lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici mesocolici

Left colic lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici colici sinistri

Sigmoid lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici sigmoidei

Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici mesenterici inferiores

Paracolic lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici paracolici

Pelvic lymph nodes

External iliac lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici iliaci externi

Internal iliac lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici iliaci interni

Common iliac lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici iliaci communes

Paravesical lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici paravesicales

Pararectal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici pararectales

Parauterine lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici parauterini

Paravaginal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici paravaginales

Lymph nodes of the lower limb

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici inguinales superficiales

Deep inguinal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici inguinales profundi

Popliteal lymph nodes — nodi lymphatici popliteales